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STONEWALL JACKSON 



LIFE OF 



Thomas J. Jackson 



BY 

MARY L. WILLIAMSON 

AUTHOR OF LIFE OF WASHINGTON, LIFE OF LEE, 
AND LIFE OF STUART. 




B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 

ATLANTA RICHMOND DALLAS 



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PREFACE 



In writing this book, the author has endeavored to 
portray the unchanging rectitude of Jackson's conduct, 
the stem will-power by which he conquered all difficul- 
ties, his firm belief in an overruling Providence, and 
his entire submission to the Divine Will, as well as to 
give a picture of his military genius. His greatness 
was reared upon the cornerstone of a strong and pure 
character, and the young people of our day cannot do 
better than to study the life of the hero and model 
themselves on it. 

Teachers may use this book as a supplementary 
reader in the fourth grade, as care has been taken to 
introduce as few words as possible outside of the 
vocabulary of that grade. 

In preparing the work. E. L. Dabney's Lif^^ of 
Lieutenant-Gene red Thomas J. Jachson has been used 
to a large extent. Acknowledgment is also due 
Colonel James H. Morrison for valuable assistance: 
Mrs. Thomas J. Jackson, the widow of the general, and 
^Ir. M. Miley. of Lexington, who furnished valuable 
illustrative matter. The author is also indebted to 
Messrs. Paxton and Henkel. the editors, respectively, of 
the Rocl'hridge Countr/ Xews and the Shenaneloah 
VaUey, for the use of the files of their valuable news- 
papers. 

In making the revised edition. Lieutenant-Colonel 
G. F. R, Henderson's great work. Stonewall Ja(^'son, 
has been consulted with benefit. 

^NIaey Lyxx TVn.T. TA ^isox. 
Xew Market. Va. 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER. PAGE. 

I. Okphan Boy 9 

11. Cadet 22 

III. Major of Artillery 29 

IV. Professor 37 

V. Colonel C3 

VI. General T9 

VII. The Valley Campaign 96 

VIII. The Great Campaigns of 18G2 143 

IX. The Last Battles 168 

X. On the Roll of Fame 196 

War Poems 207 




JACKSON MONUMENT, RICHMOND, VA, 
[8] 



Life of Jackson 

CHAPTER I 
Orphan Boy 

Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born 
on January 21, 1824, at Clarksburg. West 
Virginia, which State was then a part of old 
Virginia. He sprang from Scotch-Irish stock. 
His great-grandfather, John Jackson, was 
born in Ireland, but his parents moved to the 
cit}^ of London when John was only two years 
old. John Jackson grew up to be a trader. In 
1748 he came to the New World to make his 
fortune, landing in Maryland. Xot long after 
this he married Elizabeth Cummins, a young 
woman noted for good looks, great height, and 
strength of mind. 

John Jackson at last settled in what is now 
Fpshur county. West Virginia. As land was 
very cheap, he soon owned . a large estate. 



10 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Aided by his sturdy wife, he prospered and be- 
came well-to-do. In those days the Indians 
still made war on the white people, who would 
flee for safety into the forts and blockhouses. 
It is said that in more than one Indian raid 
Elizabeth Jackson helped to drive off the sav- 
age foe. 

When the great K evolutionary War began, 
John Jackson and several of his sons marched 
off to join the American army. At the close 
of the struggle the}^ all came back, safe and 
sound, to their mountain home. In these fer- 
tile and lovely valleys, John Jackson and his 
wife passed long and active lives. The hus- 
band lived to be eight3^-six years old, while 
Elizabeth Jackson reached the great age of one 
hundred and five years. Her strength of body 
and mind well fitted her to rear a race of mighty 
men. 

Thomas Jonathan was the great-grandson 
of these wortl^y people. His father, Jonathan 
Jackson, w^as a lawyer. He is said to have been 
a man of grood mind and kind heart. Thomas's 



ORPHAN BOY 11 

mother was Julia Neale, the daughter of a mer- 
chant in the village of Parkershurg on the Ohio 
river. She was a good and heautiful woman, 
loved bv all who knew her. Thomas had one 










BIRTHPLACE OF STONEWALL JACKSON 

brother, Warren, and two sisters, Elizabeth and 
Laura. Not long after the birth of Laura, 
Ehzabeth was taken ill with fever and died. 
The father, worn out with nursing, also took 
the fever; two weeks after the child's death 
he was laid in a grave bv her side. 



12 LIFE OF JACKSON 

On settling Jonathan Jackson's affairs, it 
was found that he had left no property for his 
widow and habes. They would have been with- 
out a home but for the Masonic Order, which 




JACKSON'S FATHER 

gave the widow a one-i'oom house. Here she 
sewed and taught school, caring as well as she 
could for her little fatherless children. 

In the year 1830, Julia Jackson married a 
lawyer named Woodson, who was pleased with 
her youth and beauty. Her sons, Warren and 



ORPHAN BOY 13 

Thomas, were now claimed by their father's 
family, which did not like this second mar- 
riage ; and as her husband was not a rich man, 
she was at last forced to give them up. Little 
Thomas, then only seven years old, was placed 
behind good old "Uncle Eobinson," the last of 
his father's slaves, and sent away to his aunt, 
Mrs. Brake, who lived about four miles from 
Clarksburg. 

A year later Thomas was sent for to see his 
dying mother. Death for her had no sting; 
and the son, many years afterwards, said that 
her last words and prayers had never left his 
memory. She was laid to rest near the famous 
Hawk's Nest on New river. 

Thomas was a pretty child, with rosy cheeks, 
wavy brown hair, and deep blue eyes. He is 
said to have been a strangely quiet and manly 
boy; the sadness of his yomig hfe made him 
grave and thoughtful beyond his age. 

When he was but eight years old, he went 
one da}^ to the home of his father's cousin, 
Judge John G. Jackson, in Clarksburg. At 



14 LIFE OF JACKSON 

dinner Thomas quietly said to Mrs. Jackson, 
"Uncle and I don't agree. I have quit him and 
will not go back am^ more." His cousin tried 
to show him that he was at fault and that he 
should return to his Uncle Brake. The boy 
only shook his head and said more firmly than 
before, "No, Uncle and I don't agree. I have 
quit him and I am not going back." It seems 
that his uncle had tried to govern him by force 
rather than through his sense of right and 
wrong. So this strange child calmly made up 
his mind not to stay where there would be con- 
stant dispute. 

From Judge Jackson's home, Thomas went 
that evening to the house of another cousin, who 
also tried to persuade him to return to his Uncle 
Brake. But the boy repeated his refusal. The 
next day he walked eighteen miles to the home 
of Cummins Jackson, his father's half-brother. 
Here Thomas found his brother Warren and 
soon felt at home with his uncle and aunts. 

Cummins Jackson was a bachelor, the owner 
of a fine farm and one of the laro^est slave- 



ORPHAN BOY 15 

holders in Lewis count3^ This micle grew to 
he quite fond of his little nephew, taking pains 
to teach him all the arts of countr}^ life. He 
treated Thomas more as an equal than as a 
child, for he saw that the boy had good sense 
and a sturdy nature. He sent Thomas and 
Warren to the nearest country school; but 
Warren, now a bold lad of fourteen years, did 
not like the restraint of school life. He per- 
suaded Thomas to go with him to seek their 
fortune in the West. 

After stopping for a while at the home of 
their uncle, Alfred Xeale, on the Ohio river, 
the two bo3^s went down the stream and were 
not heard from for some months. In the fall 
tlie}^ returned to their friends, ragged and ill 
with chills and fever. 

Their story was that they had made a raft 
and floated down to one of the lonely islands 
in the Mississippi river near the Kentucky 
shore, where they cut wood for steamboats. 
They spent the smiimer alone in the forest, with 
little food, surrounded by the turbid, rushing 



16 LIFE OF JACKSON 

waters of the great river. At last illness forced 

tliem to make their way homeward. 

Thomas went back to his Uncle Cummins, 
whom he liked, but Warren stopped at the 
Brake home. He was never well again. Dis- 
ease had laid such a hold on him that he died 
a few years later, aged about nineteen. 

Thomas and Laura lived together for several 
months at Cummins Jackson's, a happy time 
for both of them. Across the brook from the 
house was a large grove of sugar-maples where 
the two children would go to play "making 
sugar." It was a pleasure for Thomas to build 
bridges on which his little sister crossed the 
brook ; many were the hours they spent together 
in the cool and fragrant forest. 

In a sliort time, however, Laura was sent to 
live with some of her mother's friends in Wood 
county, and Thomas was left alone. He was 
very fond of liis sister, and the first money he 
earned was spent for a silk dress for her. 

The lad was now sent to a school taught by 
Eobert P. Eay. He showed no quickness at 




L 



WARREN AND THOMAS JACKSON ON THE OHIO RIVER 



18 LIFE OF JACKSON 

any study but arithmetic. When called on to 
say a lesson, he would often reply that he did 
not understand it and, therefore, was not ready ; 
nor would he go on to the next lesson until he 
had learned the first thorough^. Thus he was 
usually behind his class. Out of school hours 
he was a leader at play. When there were 
games of "bat and ball," or "prisoner's base," 
he was sure to be chosen the captain of a side, 
and that side generally won. 

•As long as he was treated fairly by his play- 
mates, Thomas was gentle and yielding, but if 
he thought himself wronged he did not hesi- 
tate to fight. It is said that he would never 
admit he was beaten and was always ready to 
start fighting over again. 

In the summer, Thomas worked on the farm 
and was of use to his uncle in many ways. One 
of his tasks was to haul logs of oak and pine 
from the forest to the sawmill. He thus became 
a famous driver of oxen and was known all 
through the countryside as a youth of great 
strength and courage. 



ORPHAN BOY 19 

In this way, between the school and the farm, 
his Hfe passed from the age of nine to sixteen. 
In early bo^^hood, Thomas was low of stature, 
like his father, but he afterwards grew tall like 
the men of his mother's race. 

While still a boy, Thomas Jackson was made 
constable of one half of Lewis county. It was 
a hard place to fill. He rode over the hills and 
mountains, with his bag of bills and account 
books, trying to collect debts. 

Sometimej^ his duties as constable were dif- 
ficult to carr}^ out. A story is told which shows 
his nerve and skill in performing an unpleasant 
task. A man who owed a debt of ten dollars 
promised Thomas to pay it at a given time. 
When tlie day came, the debtor failed to keep 
his word. Young Jackson paid the amount 
from his own purse and then waited for the 
man. The very next morning he came riding 
up the street on a good horse. Jackson at once 
accused him of falsehood and tried to seize the 
Iiorse for the debt. A fierce fight took place 
on the street, in the midst of which the debtor 



20 LIFE OF JACKSON 

mounted the horse and started to ride away. 
Jackson sprang forward and took hold of the 
bridle, but the rider refused to dismount. The 
boy constable then began to pull the horse to 
the low door of a nearby stable. The man 
cuffed him right and left, but Jackson dragged 
the horse into the stable. The rider was thus 
forced to slide down to keep from being 
knocked off, and Jackson had the horse. 

Though this life in the open air was good for 
the boy's health, it was not so helpful to him in 
other ways He was kept much from home and 
was thrown with the worst class of people in 
the county. As his aunts were now all mar- 
ried, his Uncle Cummins kept ''bachelor's 
hall." He had a stable full of race horses, and 
Thomas always rode for him when a race was 
expected to be close. It was said all through 
the county that a horse which had a chance 
to win would win with yomig Tom Jackson 
riding him. 

It is sad to think of this young man thrown 
on the world, without mother, sister, or any 



ORPHAN BOY 21 

Other influence to keep him in the right way. 
Yet in this rough, wild hfe it was always the 
desire of his heart to reach that position from 
which he had been thrust when left a poor 
orphan. And even then, the great God, who 
has said that he is a father to the fatherless, 
was opening for him the way to a noble career. 

Constable (kun' sta ble) : an officer of the law. 
In' flu ence : an unseen power for good or evil, 
Ca reer' : a course of life. 
No' ta ble : out of the ordinary, remarkable. 

What was — 

The name of Thomas Jackson's father? 
The place of his birth? 
The story told of him when a constable? 
The wish of his heart in the midst of his 
rough, wild life? 
At what age did he lose his father and mother? 
Wliat kind of life did he lead at his Uncle Cum- 
mins ' ? 



CHAPTER II 
Cadet 

In 1842, the place of a cadet in the United 
States Mihtaiy Academy at West Point became 
vacant. In this school the young men of the 
country are trained to become soldiers. Thomas 
Jackson, seeing his chance to rise in life, at 
once sought and obtained the place. Soon after 
he set out on horseback for Clarksburg, where 
he could take the stagecoach for Washington. 
He was clad in homespun clothes and his whole 
wardrobe was packed in a pair of saddlebags. 

When Jackson reached Clarksburg, he found 
that the coach had gone by. He followed until 
he overtook it and rode in it the rest of the way 
to Washington city. Here he was met by his 
friend, Mr. Hays, the member of Congress 
from his district, wlio took him to see the Secre- 
tary of War. The latter was so much pleased 
w^ith Jackson's manly bearing and frank speech 



CADET 23 

that he ordered that his entrance papers to West 
Point he made out at once. 

Congressman Ha3^s wished the lad to stay 
in Washington a few days to see the sights, but 
Jackson liad no time to waste. He chmbed to 
the top of the capitol, from which he coukl view 
the whole city at once, and was then ready to 
leave for West Point. 

The thought of the entrance examination 
troubled him greath^, for he feared that he did 
not know enough to pass. But Mr. Hays wrote 
to his friends at the Academy, asking them to 
be easy with the mountain boy who wished to 
be a soldier, and it is said that they gave him 
no very hard questions. So Thomas presently 
found himself a cadet at West Point. He was 
eigliteen years old, tall and strong, with a fresh, 
ruddy face. 

The ne\^', or fourth-class, men at this school 
are called "plebs" by their schoolmates, and in 
former days they received rather hard treat- 
ment. They were made to sweep and scrub 
the barracks, while the third-class men were in 



24 LIFE OF JACKSON 

the habit of playing all sorts of pranks on them, 
some of which were hard to bear. When the 
third-class men saw Jackson in liis homespun 
clothes, they thought the}^ would have rare sport 
with him ; but such were his courage and good 
temper that tlic}^ soon let him alone. 

Jackson went to woi'k in earnest. He was 
behind his class and liad to stud}^ ver}^ hard to 
keep up. When a bo}- at school he would never 
pass over a lesson he did not understand ; he in- 
sisted on learning each lesson as he went along. 
The same thing liappened at West Point. 
Often, when called on to recite, he would 
answer that he was still studjdng his last lesson. 
This, of course, caused liim to get low marks 
at first ; but, little by little, he rose in his class 
standing until he came to liavc the name of a 
good student. His teacliers judged his mind to 
be strong and sound but not quick. What he 
lacked in quickness, however, he made uj) in 
hard work and perseverance. 

In his second year at West Point, Jackson 
grew, as it were, by a leap to the height of six 



H f*^^ 




26 LIFE OF JACKSON 

feet ; and in his cadet uniform he was yeiry fine- 
looking. He was neat in his dress and kept 
liis gun clean and bright. 

In the same year an event occurred which 
showed Jackson's stern regard for truth, and 
his hatred of falseness in any shape. One day 
his bright musket was taken from the rack, and 
a foul and rust}^ one put in its place; Jackson 
told the captain of his loss and gare a mark by 
which the gun might be known. That evening 
it was found in the hands of a fellow cadet, who 
had taken it and then told a he to shield himself 
from pmiishment. 

Jackson was even more vexed over the false- 
hood than he had been at the loss of the musket. 
He asked that the cadet be sent away as unfit 
to be a student in the Academy and an officer 
in the army. The boy's friends at last per- 
suaded Jackson to drop the charge, and the 
cadet was not dismissed. Soon after, however, 
he again broke the Academy rules and was sent 
awav in disgrace. 

While at West Point, Jackson wrote a num- 



CADET 27 

ber of rules for his own guidance. They 
touched on morals, manners, dress, the clioice 
of friends, and tlie aims of life. One of them 
should be known to every bo}^ It reads, **You 
may be whatever you resolve to be." 

We shall see that this was indeed the guiding 
star of Jackson's life. He did what he aimed 
to do b}^ force of will, and by that will power 
he raised himself from a jioor country boy to 
be one of the most famous men of his age. 

At this time of his life, it is plain that it was 
Jackson's purpose to place his name high on 
the roll of eartlily honor. Beneath his shy and 
modest manner, there burned within him the 
desire to be great. His life was not yet ruled 
by religion, but it showed many high and 
noble aims. 

He was twenty-two vesiYS old when he left 
West Point, on June 30, 1846. He at once 
took the rank of second lieutenant of artillery 
in the United States service. The artilleiy is 
that branch of the army which fights with can- 
non, or hicr o^uns. At this time a war was beinoj 



28 LIFE OF JACKSON 

waged between Mexico and the United States. 

General Winfield Scott was about to go to the 

seat of war as the commander-in-chief of the 

United States army. Jackson, the young heu- 

tenant, was sent to join hun in the south of 

Mexico. 

Ca det' (ka det') : a student in a military school. 
Mor' als : conduct. 

Per se ver' ance: the act of pursuing steadily 
any course or undertaking. 

What was Jackson's life at West Point? 

What incident there showed his hatred of false- 
hood? 

What was Jackson's chief rul-e of life? 

What were his age and rank when he left West 
Point? 

Where did he go on leaving the Academy ? 



CHAPTEE III 
Major of Artillery 

On March 9, 1847, thirteen thousand five 
hundred troops landed from the American fleet 
on the seashore near Vera Cruz (va' ra 
kroos) . This fine army, with its bright guns 
and waving flags, made a scene of splendor 
which Lieutenant Jackson never forgot. 

General Scott's plan was to capture Vera 
Cruz by storm and then march over the lofty 
mountains and the deep valleys to the City of 
Mexico. This was a hard task and cost many 
lives, as you will soon learn. 

Scott placed his troops around Vera Cruz 
and opened fire with his cannon. On March 
29, after the city had been much injured by 
shells, it was given up to the Americans. This 
was the first time that Jackson was under fire, 
and he is said to have fought his cannon 
bravely. 



30 LIFE OF JACKSON 

From Vera Cruz, the army moved onward 
until it came to a high momitain, on the crest 
of which stood the strong fort of Cerro Gordo 
(ser'ro gor'do) . A part of the force was 
led around the Mexican army by Captain 
Eobert E. Lee. As the Americans were now 
both in front and rear of the Mexicans, the 
latter fled, leaving many men and guns on the 
field. 

After the battle, Jackson was changed to 
the light artillerv^, which used small cannon and 
moved swiftly from place to place. This was 
just what the young officer wished, for though 
the light artillery service was more danger- 
ous, it gave him a better chance to win the honor 
for which his soul thirsted. 

Santa Anna, the Mexican general, held the 
steep mountain top of Churubusco (chooru 
boos' co) with a large army. Here a fierce 
struggle took place, in which the Mexicans were 
again driven back. 

As a reward for his conduct in this battle, 
Jackson was given the rank of brevet captain 



MAJOE OF ARTILLERY 31 

of artillery. He soon had another chance to 
show his skill and courage. The army crossed 
the mountains to the strong castle of Chapul- 
tepec (cha pool' ta pek) , which was built on a 
high hill overlooking the plain leading to the 
City of Mexico. The level fields at the foot of 
the mountain were covered with crops of grain 
and groves of trees. Here and there were deep 
ditches that the farmers had dug for drains. 
These ditches, which the artillery and horse- 
men could not cross, were so hidden by the 
growing crops and bushes that they could not be 
seen by the soldiers until the guns had reached 
them. 

The castle of Chapultepec was held by large 
numbers of ^lexican troops, while cannon were 
placed to sweep ever}^ road leading up to it. 
On September 13, the American troops made 
an assault on Chapultepec from three sides 
at once. 

Jackson, with liis guns, took part in the at- 
tack on the northwest side. Two regiments of 
footmen, or infantry, went with him. The Hght 



32 LIFE OF JACKSON 

artillery pressed forv/ard, j^'^^^^'i^^o shot and 
shell into the foe, until it eame close to the Mex- 
ican guns. At this short range Jackson soon 
had many of his men and horses struck down 
b}^ the storm of grape-shot. 

General Worth, seeing that Jackson was 
hard pressed, sent him word to fall back. But 
the young officer replied that he would take the 
guns which were doing such deadly work if 
General Worth would onh' give him fifty more 
men. While he was waiting for this force, 
'Jackson lifted a gun across a deep ditch with 
the help of one man and opened fire on the 
Mexicans. The other soldiers of his command 
were killed, wounded, or seeking shelter in the 
ditch. 

Another cannon was moved across the ditch, 
and in a few minutes the Mexicans gave way 
before the fire of the two guns. Bv this time, 
the troops attacking the castle on the other sides 
had succeeded in figliting their way in, and the 
Mexicans began to fall back on the City of 
Mexico. 




JACKSON AT CHAPULTEPEC 



34 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Orders had been given that when the enemy 
retreated, the artillery should move forward 
rapidh^ and keep firing on them. In an instant 
Jackson's mns were thunderino^ after the Mex- 
leans as the}^ fled through the gates into the city. 
The next morning, September 14, the gates 
w^ere forced and the American troops entered 
Mexico. For his braver}^ in the battle of Cha- 
pultepec, Jackson was raised to the rank of 
major. 

Once, years later, when he was modestly 
telling of this battle, a young man cried out, 
"Major, wh}^ didn't you run when so many of 
your men had been killed?" Jackson replied 
with a quiet smile, ''I was not ordered to run. 
Had I been so ordered, I would have run." 
When asked by a friend if he felt no fear as 
men fell all around him, he rephed that his only 
thought was to do something which might win 
lasting fame for himself. At that time his mind 
was still bent on gaining earthly gloiy; he had 
not yet found his final aim in life. 

The American army rested for some months 



MAJOK OF ARTILLERY 35 

in the beautiful City of Mexico. As Jackson's 
duties were light, he took up the study of 
Spanish, which he soon spoke well. He en- 
joyed the fine climate of Mexico and admired 
the beauty and grace of the Mexican women. 

On May 28, 1848, a treaty of peace was 
made between jMexico and the United States, 
and the American troops were ordered home. 
Jackson's command was sent to Fort Hamil- 
ton, about seven miles from i^ew York city. 

In Mexico, for the first time in his life, Jack- 
son had thought deeply of religion and had 
begun to study the Bible in search of the truth. 
Later, at Fort Hamilton, he was baptized and 
became a member of the Episcopal Church. 

After two years at Fort Hamilton, Jackson 
went to Fort Meade, on the west coast of 
Florida, near Tampa. While m service at that 
place, he was elected, on March 28, 1851, pro- 
fessor of natural philosophy and artillery tac- 
tics in the Virginia Military Institute at 
Lexington. 



36 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Bre vet': an honorary rank without increase 
of pay. 

As sault' : an attack. 

Cli' mate: the usual weather in any place; the 
conditions of heat and cold. 

What were General Scott's plans? 

How was the castle of Chapultepec taken? 

What did Jackson do at the taking of the castle? 

How was Mexico City captured? 

What rank was Jackson given? 

Tell about his life in Mexico. 

What happened to him at Fort Hamilton? 

What position did he accept in 1851 ? 




CHAPTEE IV 
Professor 

It will be inteivsting to you to know how it 
was that Jackson was elected a professor in a 
noted military school — the Virginia Military 
Institute. 

Keared in poverty and kept in early youth 
from obtainino; a i^^ood common-school educa- 
tion, he had, by his own efforts, fitted himself 
to enter the Military Academy at West Point. 
His first year's course might have discouraged 
him, had he not known that there was that 
within him which, if properly nurtured, would 
lead him to final success. The close of each ses- 
sion brought him nearer to the head of his class ; 
during his four years of study, he stood succes- 
siveh^ fiftj^-one, thirty, twenty, and seventeen. 
His progress was so evident to all that one of 
his classmates said, "Had Jackson stayed at 
West Point on a course of four years' longer 



38 LIFE OF JACKSON 

stud}^, he would have reached the head of his 

class." 

Jackson's rise in the Mexican War from 
second lieutenant to major was in keeping with 
his progress at the x\cademy. His gallant and 
able service had been made known to the world 




ENTRANCE TO VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE GROUNDS 

through the reports of his superior officers. 

General Francis H. Smith, long superintend- 
ent of the Virginia Military Institute, wrote 
thus of Jackson's election as professor: 

"It is not surprising that when the Board of 
Visitors of the Institute were looking about for 
a suitable person to fill the chair of natural phil- 



PEOFESSOE 39 

osophy and artillery tactics, the friends of the 
brave young major should have pointed him 
out as one worthy of the honor. Other names 
were laid before the Board of Visitors by the 
faculty of West Point, all of them of men noted 
for scholarship and gallant services in Mexico. 
McClellan, Eeno, Eosecrans, afterwards gen- 
erals in the Northern army, and G. W. Smith, 
who became a Confederate general, were thus 
named. But the fitness of young Jackson, the 
high testimonials to his character, and the fact 
that he was a native Virginian satisfied the 
Board that they might safely choose him for 
the chair without seeking candidates from other 
States. He was therefore elected on March 28, 
1851, and took up his duties in September. 

''Major Jackson's work was marked by 
great faithfulness and an earnest spirit. With 
high mental gifts, teaching was a new calling 
to him, and it demanded an amount of labor 
which, from the state of his health and espe- 
cially the weakness of his eyes, he performed 
at great sacrifice. 



40 LIFE OF JACKSON 

"Strict, and at tioies stern, in his discipline, 
though poKte and kind, he was not always pop- 
ular ; 3Tt no professor ever held in a higher de- 
gree the confidence and respect of the cadets 
for honesty and fearless discharge of duty. 

^'Punctual to a minute, I have known him 
to walk in front of the superintendent's quar- 
ters in a hard rain, because the time had not yet 
quite come to present his weekly class reports. 

'Tor ten years he kept up his unwearied 
labors as a professor, making such an impres- 
sion on those who from time to time were under 
his command that, when the war broke out, it 
was the desire of all cadets and graduates to 
have him as their leader." 

In 1861, when Virginia was on the point of 
invasion and officers were needed to take com- 
mand at various points, the governor of Vir- 
ginia wished to make Jackson a colonel of 
volunteers. His name was sent to the State 
convention at Eichmond, which elected officers. 
Some one asked, ''Who is this Thomas J. Jack- 
son?" A member of the convention from 




VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE BARRACKS 



42 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Eockbi-idge county, S. McDowell Moore, re- 
plied, "I can tell you who lie is. If you put 
Jackson in command at I^orfolk, he will never 
leave it alive, unless you order him to do so." 
Such was the impression the quiet professor had 
made on his neighbors and friends. 

In becoming a professor, Jackson took an- 
other upward step. In active warfare an officer 
advances rapidty, but in times of peace he often 
rusts out at a militar}^ post. Ill health had 
much to do with Jackson's leaving the army, 
but in any case he would probably have sought 
other work. He felt that by close study he 
could reach a far higlier stage of mental power, 
and the position of professor gave him a chance 
to do this, for he knew that the best way to learn 
is to teach. 

The weakness of his e3^cs, which he could not 
use at night, forced Jackson to exert his will 
power to the utmost. In order to do his classes 
justice, each morning he would read over the 
lessons for the next day, and at night, after his 
simple supper, would quietly sit with his face 



PROFESSOR 43 

to the wall and go over them in his mind. In 
this way he strengthened his memory and 
trained himself for his later career as a general. 
His power of thought was such that he could 
plan his movements while riding at the head 
of his army with as much care and skill as if 
sitting quietly in his study at home. 

The wish of the cadets to serve under him 
in war shows that they had a knowledge of his 
great worth before his deeds had made him 
famous, Jackson was generally liked by the 
students, and his nickname of "Old Jack/' 
given him by them, was not used in derision. 
Pranks were played in his classroom, but more 
for the amusement of the cadets than for any 
other reason. They well knew the punishment 
waiting for them if caught, but they were will- 
ing to risk it for the sake of fun. 

A cadet, Davidson Penn, once asked Jack- 
son with a solemn face and apparently in earn- 
est, "Major, can a cannon be made to shoot 
around a corner?'' The major showed not the 
slightest sign of impatience or merriment, and, ' 



44 LIFE OF JACKSON 

after a moment of seemingly serious thought, 

answered, "Mr. Penn, I reckon hardly." 

Cadet Thomas B. Amiss, who was after- 
w^ards a surgeon in one of Jackson's regiments, 
tried a prank for which he was punished se- 
verely. While the squad-marcher of his section 
was making his report to Jackson, Amiss noise- 
lessly climhed to the top of a colmnn which 
stood in the center of the room. After hearing 
the report, Jackson hegan to call the names of 
those he wished to recite at the hoard, including 
Amiss. Not hearing him respond, Jackson 
asked, "Mr. Amiss absent f 

"N'o, sir," the squad-marcher answered. 

The major looked along the line of faces, 
seemed puzzled for a moment, and then cast 
his eyes upward. He gazed sternly at the 
clinging figiu-e on the column and said, "You 
stay there." Amiss liad to remain where he 
w^as until the class was over. He was given the 
largest possible number of demerits and many 
hours of extra guard duty, during the walking 
• of wliicli lie had time to repent his folly. 



PROFESSOR 45 

When the class which graduated in 1860 
began its recitations under Jackson, a sudden 
end was made to the pki3dng of jokes in his 
room. A cadet came into ckiss one day with 
a small music-box hidden under his coatee. 
During the recitation he touched a spring, 
filling the room with the sweet, muffled strains 
of music. Major Jackson did not hear, or at 
least did not take an}- notice of it. The cadet, 
finding his music not appreciated, began to 
bark in low tones like a puppy. As this effort 
met with the same fate as the music, he became 
bold enough to bark loudly. Jackson, without 
changing his face, turning his head, or raising 
his voice above an ordinary tone, said, "Mr. C, 
when you march the section in again, leave that 
puppy outside." The laugh was on the cadet, 
and the class was not again disturbed. 

An incident of his life at Lexin2:ton shows 
how little Jackson regarded pubUc opinion or 
personal feeling when in conflict with duty. A 
cadet, sent away from the Institute because of 
something that had happened in Jackson's 



46 LIFE OF JACKSON 

classroom, became so angry that he challenged 
the major to fight a duel. He sent word that 
if Jackson would not fight he would kill him 
on sight. Jackson refused to fight the duel; 
but he let the youth know, through his friends, 
that if he were attacked he would defend 
himself. The attack w^as not made, in spite of 
the fact that Jackson passed back and forth 
through the streets as usual. 

The cadet wlio had challenged him was un- 
der Jackson's command in the War between 
the States, and rose to be the leader of the 
famous Stonewall Brigade. In later 3^ears 
when asked his o23inion of the great general, he 
said that Jackson was the only man who had 
never been beaten. 

It will be seen that Jackson's life at the Vir- 
ginia ^lilitary Institute was a very busy one. 
Of all his duties, the one be enjoj^ed most was 
drilling the artiller}^ battery. He had won 
fame as an artillery officer and he loved this 
branch of the service. Xear the close of every 
session of the Institute, he was asked to drill 



48 LIFE OF JACKSON 

the battery before the Board of Visitors. Tn 
order to make this drill more interesting to tlie 
publie, always present in large nmnbers, blank 
cartridges were fired, and there was the sem- 
blance of a batter}^ in actual battle. 

The drill held in 1 800 was very imj)ressive. 
It took place at 5 P. M. Jackson put the bat- 
tery through its various movements and became 
more and more intei-ested in tlie work as the 
time for the firing drew near. The professor 
of engineering at West Point, Dennis Mahan, 
and the commandant of cadets there, Colonel 
Hardee, were among the people present. 
Shortly aftei- the opening of the drill, a dark 
cloud gathered and thunder began to rumble. 
The firing commenced and all was excitement. 
Closer and closer came the cloud, and the artil- 
ler}' of heaven seemed to reply to the discharges 
of the battery. 

Jackson had been slowl}^ retreating before 
an imaginary foe; half the battery was firing 
at a time. The cloud came nearer and nearer, 
unheeded bv Jackson, Suddenlv his voice rano; 



PROFESSOR 49 

out clear and sharp, 'Tire, advancing by half 
battery." Xew positions were taken and the 
firing was at its height. Then the storm broke 
in all its fury. Up to that moment the major 
had given no thought to anything but the drill. 
The bursting storm brought him to himself and 
he dismissed the cadets, who at once sought 
shelter. 

Jackson remained where he was. folded his 
arms and stood like a statue in the driving 
storm. An umbrella was sent him from a liouse 
close by, witli an invitation to come inside. But 
he declined and continued to stand tliere until 
the storm was over, careless of his own comf oi*t. 

Jackson's life at the Virginia Military Insti- 
tute was marked hy a deep and growing interest 
in religion. In November, 1851, he became a 
member of the Presbyterian church at Lexing- 
ington, of which Dr. W. S. White was pastor. 
He was soon made a deacon and given a class 
of young men in tlie Sunda}^ school. Jackson 
also gathered the negro slaves of the town on 
eveiy Sabbath evening for tlie purpose of 



50 LIFE OF JACKSON 

teaching them the Bible; tliere were between 
eighty und a hundred pupils and twelve teach- 
ers. He kept up this school from 1855 to 
1861, when he left Lexington to enter tlie 
Southern army. Up to the day of his death 
it was a great pleasure to him to liear from his 
negro Sunday school. 

As the years passed quietly at Lexington, 
duty more and more became the rule of his life 
— duty to God and to man. So great was his 
care to observe the Sabbath that he would not 
read a letter on Smiday or mail one which 
would be carried on that day. Once a friend 
who knew he had received a letter from his 
lady-love late Saturday night asked him if he 
had read it. Jackson replied that he had not. 

*'Wliat obstinac}^!" exclaimed the friend. 
''Don't you think that your desire to know the 
contents of the letter will take your mind from 
divine worship far more than if you had 
read it?" 

''No/' Jackson quietly said; "I will make 
the most faithful effort to control my thoughts ; 



PROFESSOR 51 

and as I do this from a sense of duty, I expect 
the Divme blessing on it." 

Jackson's social life was marked by courtesy 
and kindness. When a single man, he made 
it a rule to accept all invitations, if possible. 
He thought that if a friend took the trouble to 
invite him, it was his duty to accept. Major 
Gittings, a relative, says of him: 

* 'Speaking from a social standpoint, no man 
ever had a more delicate regard for the feelings 
of others than he had. Nothing would embar- 
rass him more than any occurrence which might 
cause pain or distress to others. Hence, he was 
truly a polite man; and while his manner was 
often reserved, and even awkward, yet he 
usually made a good impression through his de- 
sire to please." 

When Jackson came to Lexington he was 
in ill health, and many seemingly odd things 
which he did were only a part of his medical 
treatment. He had been at a water-cure hos- 
pital in the North, where he was told to live on 
stale bread and buttermilk and wear a wet shirt 



52 LIFE OF JACKSON 

next to his body. He was also ordered to go 
to bed at nine o'clock; and if that hour found 
him at a party or lecture, or any other place, 
he would leave in obedience to his physician. 

The nervous indigestion from which he suf- 
fered often made him drows}^ and he would 
sometimes go to sleep while talking to a friend 
or sitting in his pew at church. Greneral Hill 
says, ^'I have seen his head bowed down to liis 
very knees during a great part of the sermon. 
He always heard the pastor's text, and the first 
part of the sermon, but after that all was lost." 

Later, Jackson seems to have gained control 
over his muscles, even while asleep, for no one 
in the last few years before his departure from 
Lexington ever saw ''his head and knees in con- 
tact." He would go to sleep, however, while 
sitting bolt upright. 

Before ^narriage, Jackson had his room in 
barracks but took his meals at a hotel in Lex- 
ington. It is said that liis odd behavior here 
caused much talk — indeed that he was insulted 
by rude persons. These stories seem untrue. 



PROFESSOR 53 

If insults had been offered ''Old Jack," the 
students would have learned of them and re- 
sented them, even if he had done nothing him- 
self. People residing in Lexington when Jack- 
son lived there never heard of these insults. 
Surely if they had been given, they would have 
been spoken of in a place where Jackson's name 
was on ever}^ tongue and the events of his life 
were a constant subject of talk. 

Jackson's great will power, which had car- 
ried him througli West Point, enabled him 
further to improve himself at Lexington. 
When he took up the study of Latin, a friend 
told him that one who had not studied that 
language in youth could not hope to learn it 
thoroughly in later years. Jackson replied, "If 
I attemj)t it, I shall become master of the lan- 
guage. I can do what I will to do." 

He joined a literary club, called the Frank- 
lin Society, in order to learn to speak in public. 
He was always present at the meetings, and 
spoke in his turn, but at first his efforts were 
painful both to himself and his hearers. His 



54 LIFE OF JACKSON 

health was poor, his nerves were unstrung and 
sometimes he wouhl become confused and 
break down in the midst of his speech. As often 
as this happened, he wouhl quietly take his seat 
and wait until his turn in the debate came again, 
when he would rise and make another attempt. 
Thus, before the close of the debate, he would 
succeed in telling what was in his mind. By 
tr^nng time after time, he ended in becoming 
a good speaker. 

Boon after Jackson joined the Presbyterian 
church. Dr. White, the minister, called on him 
to pra}^ in public. The major prayed in such 
a halting fashion that he was told he would not 
be again asked to perform so trying a task. 
Jackson replied that it was veiy hard for him 
to pray in public, but that he had made up his 
mind to do it and did not wish to be excused. 
He kept on trying until at last he became a 
leader in prayer. 

General Hill, in speaking of this incident, 
says: "I think his conduct in this case was 
due to his determination to conquer every weak- 



PKOFESSOR 65 

ness of his nature. He once told me that when 
he was a small boy, being sick, a mustard plas- 
ter was put on his chest and he was sent to a 
neighbor's to divert his mind from the plaster. 
He said the pain was so dreadful that he 
fainted. I asked him if he kept the plaster on 
in order to obey his guardian. He answered, 
'No, it was owing to a feeling that I have had 
from childhood not to yield to trials and 
difficulties.' " 

Hill also writes: ''Dr. Dabney thinks that 
Jackson was timid and that nothing but his iron 
will made him brave. I think this is a mistake. 
The muscles of his face would twitch when a 
battle was about to open and his hand would 
tremble so that he could hardly write. His men, 
seeing the working of his muscles, would say, 
'Old Jack is making faces at the Yankees.' But 
all this only showed weak nerves. I think he 
loved danger for its own sake." 

Like St. Paul, Jackson "kept his body un- 
der." He did not use tobacco, alcohol or cof- 
fee, and he would go all winter in the Virginia 



66 LIFE OF JACKSON 

mountains without an overcoat, saying that he 

"(lid not wish to give way to cold." 

It is told of him that once during the War 
between the States, when he had become greatly 
chilled and was too near the enemy's outposts 
to have a fire, his surgeon advised him to take 
a drink of brandy. Jackson at length agreed 
to take some. He made such a wry face in 
swallowing, however, that some one asked him 
if it choked him. ''Xo," he replied, ''I like it. 
That is the reason I never use it." Another 
time when he w^as asked to take a drink, he said, 
"'No, I thank you ; I am more afraid of it than 
of all the Federal bullets." 

The immortal Jackson afraid of strong 
drink ! What a lesson to people who think they 
need not fear it ! 

Jackson was married, on August 4, 1853, 
to Eleanor Junkin, the daughter of the presi- 
dent of Washington College at Lexington. This 
lovel}^ woman lived only fourteen months after 
her marriage. Jackson's grief for her was so 
great as to alarm his friends. His health, never 



PKOFESSOR 57 

good, suffered greatly, and his friends per- 
suaded him in the summer of 1856 to take a trip 
to Europe. It was hoped that ''the spell might 
he hroken which hound him to sadness." 

Jackson's European trip henefited him in 
health and spirits, and he was ready to take up 
his duties again with a new zeal. He started 
home in ample time to reach the Institute for 
its opening day, hut storms delayed him and 
he was late. He had promised to be hack by 
September 1 ; and one of his woman friends, 
knowing how careful be w^as to keep his w ord 
in all matters, asked him if the delay had not 
made him unhappy. The answer was in keep- 
ing with the man. He had done his part, he 
said, and the delay w^as due to Providence. 
Therefore he had not worried in the least. Xo 
one ever trusted God more completely than 
Jackson. 

Dr. E. L. Dabne}^ tells us that a friend one 
day said to Jackson that he was not able to un- 
derstand how one could "pra}^ without ceas- 
ing," as the Bible advises. Jackson replied 



58 LIFE OF JACKSON 

that for some time lie had been in the habit of 
praying all through the day. "When we take 
our meals," he said, "there is grace, and when 
I take a drink of water, I always pause to lift 
up my heart to God in thanks for 'the water of 
life' ; when I go to my classroom and await the 
coming of the cadets, that is my time to pray 
for them. And so with eveiy other act of the 
day." 

Jackson's pastor. Dr. White, said that he 
was the happiest man he had ever known. This 
happiness came from his perfect faith in the 
care of God. He rested in that faith and did 
not let himself be worried by the small troubles 
of hfe. 

The most important event in the latter part 
of Jackson's hfe at Lexington was his second 
marriage, which took place on July 15, 1857. 
His wife was Mary Ann Morrison, the daugh- 
ter of a Presbyterian minister of North Caro- 
lina. In later years Mrs. Jackson wrote a life 
of her husband, in which she gives glimpses of 
their home and quotes from his wartime letters. 



PROFESSOE 59 

Shortly after his marriage, Jackson bought 

a house and a few acres of land. Much of his 

spare time was spent in tilling his garden and 




JACKSON'S HOME IN LEXINGTON 

fields. The little farm of rocky hill-land was 
soon well fenced and cultivated. He used to 
say that the bread grown there by his own labor 
and that of his slaves tasted sweeter than 
bought bread. 



60 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Jackson also had business interests of some 
size, which brought him in a good income. It 
was a prosperous and happy life he lived in the 
last } ears at Lexington. 

He was a home-loving, tender-hearted man, 
with a great love for children. Once a friend 
stayed at his house over night with a four-year- 
old daughter. At bedtime Mrs. Jackson of- 
fered to take the little girl with her, but the 
father said that the child would give less trouble 
if she slept with him. In the watches of the 
night lie heard a soft step and felt a hand laid 
on the bed. It was Jackson, who feared that 
the child would toss off the covers and had come 
to make sure that all w^as well. 

This good and peaceful life did not last much 
longer. The black cloud of war was hovering 
over the land and tlie storm soon burst in full 
fury, sweeping Jackson from his quiet duties 
and his home into the midst of strife and blood- 
shed. It was also to carry him to deeds which 
have made liis fame world-wide and immortal. 

Jackson's last service as an officer of the Yir- 



PROFESSOR 61 

ginia Militaiy Institute was now at hand. He 
had heen left in charge of the body of cadets 
when his superior officers were called to Eich- 
mond at the beginning of the War between the 
States. Early in the morning of April 21, 
1861, a message was received from Governor 
Letcher ordering him to leave with his com- 
mand for Eichmond at 12 :30 o'clock that day. 

Jackson asked his pastor. Dr. White, to hold 
a farewell service at the Institute. It was held 
in front of the barracks. The cadets were 
drawn up in line of battle, with Jackson at the 
head and Dr. White in the middle. xVll listened 
reverently to the minister's prayer. The clock 
in the Institute tower struck the hour for de- 
parture, and, without a moment's hesitation, 
Jackson took up the line of march, leaving the 
minister still praying. 

The keynote of his success in war was in 
prompt obedience to orders and in requiring 
the same obedience of others. 



62 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Fac' ul ty: the body of teachers in a school or 
college. 

Coat ee' : a short jacket worn by cadets or sol- 
diers. 

Tes' ti mo' ni al : witness, evidence, 

Dis' cip line : rule of conduct. 

Im pres' sion : effect on some one. 

De ris' ion : contempt. 

Ap pre' ci at ed : liked ; enjoyed. 

Chal' lenged : dared to a trial or combat. 

Im ag' i na ry : not real. 

In' di ges' tion : a disorder of the stomach. 

Im mor' tal : everlasting. 

Ob' sti na cy : stubbornness. 

How did Major Jackson come to be a professor 
in the Virginia Military Institute! 

What were his reasons for leaving the army? 

What was his life at the Institute ? 

What was his method of preparing for his 
classes? 

How did he observe the Sabbath? 

What religious work did he do ? 

What was Jackson's last service as an officer of 
the Virginia Military Institute ? 



CHAPTER V 
Colonel 

Before going on with the story of Jackson's 
life, I will tell you, in a few plain words, the 
causes of the war which broke out in 1861 be- 
tween the Northern and the Southern States. 

After the Eevolutionaiy War, the thirteen 
American States agreed to fomi a firmer union, 
and made a new body of laws called the Con- 
stitution of the United States. From the very 
first, however, the States did not agree. Law^s 
which suited a part of them did not please the 
rest, and there was always some cause for 
quarreling. 

The question of slavery gave the most trou- 
ble. You perhaps know^ that African slaves 
were first brought into Virginia in 1G19 by the 
Dutch. They were found so useful that English 
and Northern traders soon began to bring in 



64 LIFE OF JACKSON 

more blacks, until finally all the colonies held 

slaves. 

The cold climate of the North did not suit 
the negroes, who had been used to the hot sun 
of Africa. So by degrees the Northern people 
sold their slaves and did not buy more. 

Mau}^ leaders, both in the North and South, 
wished to free the negroes. But as the number 
of blacks had greatly increased in the South, it 
was seen that their sudden freeing might be 
harmful to the country. They were not ^Tt 
ready for freedom. 

In the North, where slavery was fast dying 
out, the people failed to realize this. They did 
not have great numbers of negroes to deal witli, 
and thought that it was very wrong to keep 
them in slavery. Besides, the North did not 
like the idea of having slaves in the South do 
the kind of work that was done by free wdiite 
men elsewhere. 

The Northern people, therefore, tried to keep 
slaves out of new States as these came into tlie 
Union, and also out of a large part of the terri- 



COLONEL 65 

ton^ belonging to the Union which had not yet 
been made into States. The South, on the other 
hand, claimed that slave-owners had a right to 
carr}^ their slaves into all the territory of tli^ 
Union. The Southern people also believed that 
the negroes were happv and well-cared for, and 
that the Xorth, in attacking slavery, was tramp- 
ling on Southern rights. 

So the quan-el went on until October, 1859, 
when an event occurred in Yirghiia which 
greatly increased the angry feeling of both 
North and South. A man named John Brown, 
wdio had fought slavery in the West, formed 
a plot to free the negroes in Virginia and the 
whole South. For two years he sent men 
through the South with the purpose of stirring 
up the negroes secreth^ and of urging them to 
attack the whites. He bought long pikes for 
the slaves to use, as man}^ of them knew noth- 
ing of firearms. 

When at last Brown thought that all was 
ready, he entered Hai-per's Ferry by night with 
only eighteen followers and seized the United 



66 LIFE OF JACKSON 

States arsenal there. Sending out men into the 
counti'}^ aroimd to capture the large slave- 
holders, he called on the slaves to join him. The 
next morning every white man in the town wlio 




HARPER'S FERRY 



left his home was seized and shut up in an 
engine-house near the arsenal. Only a few 
negroes joined Brown and they were too scared 
to be of much aid. 

As soon as the news of the raid spread over 
the countr}^, anned men came into town from 



COLONEL 67 

all sides ; before night Brown and his followers 
were penned in the engine-house. A little later 
a band of marines arrived from Vrashington 
under the command of Colonel Eobert E. Lee. 

When Brown refused to surrender, the sol- 
diers stormed the engine-house. Ten of 
Brown's party were killed in the attack and all 
the rest wounded, including Brown. Six of the 
soldiers were killed and nine wounded. John 
Brown and seven of his followers were tried 
at Charlestown, Virginia, found guilty of trea- 
son and murder, and sentenced to death. 

The cadets of the Virginia Military Institute 
were ordered to Charlestown to protect the offi- 
cers of the law. Major Jackson commanded 
a section of light artillery which went along 
with the cadet battalion. He was present at 
Brown's hanging and afterwards gave an ac- 
count of the scene. 

John Brown's raid, as it was called, cast 
great gloom over the whole country. Many 
persons in the North thought that Brown died 
a martyr to the cause of freedom, while the 



68 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Southern people saw that they could no longer 
hope to enjoy in peace and safety the rights 
granted them by the Constitution of the United 
States. 

Jackson was strongly Southern in feeling. 
He believed that the South should make a stand 
for her rights and resist all efforts to oppress 
her. He dreaded the idea of war, however, and 
declared that it was the dut}^ of Christians 
throughout the land to pray for peace. A 
month before the secession of South Carolina, 
he said to his pastor, Dr. White : 

"It is painful to see how carelessly they speak 
of w^ar. If the government insists on the meas- 
ures threatened, there must be war. They seem 
not to know what its horrors are. Let us have 
meetings and pray for peace." 

Dr. White agreed to this request, and Jack- 
son pra3'ed that the land might be spared war. 

After the election of Abraham Lincoln as 
President of the United States, in November, 
1860, the Southern States saw no hope of get- 
ting their rights and decided to secede, or with- 



COLONEL 69 

draw, from the Union. South CaroHna took 
the lead, seceding on Decemher 20, 18G0. She 
was quickly followed hy Mississippi, Alabama, 
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. On 




JEFFERSON DAVIS 

January 9, 1861, these States united to form 
a government at Montgomery, Alabama, which 
was called the ^X^onfederate States of Amer- 
ica." Jefferson Davis was made President. 
Virginia was slow to withdraw from the 



70 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Union of States. However, when President 
Lincoln called for seventy-live thousand sol- 
diers to invade the Confederate States, she 
w^aited no lonoer. The Old Dominion seceded 
on April 17, 1861, and at once began to pre- 
pare for war. ''In one week," says Dabne}^ 
"the whole State was changed into a camp." 
Soon Richmond was filled with companies of 
mihtia drilling and being trained to fight. 

At daybreak on April 21, 18()1, a message 
came, as we have seen, from Governor Letcher, 
ordering the cadets of the Virginia Militar}^ Li- 
stitute to Richmond. Major Jackson, in com- 
mand, made ready to lead the battalion. At 
eleven o'clock he went home to tell his wife 
good-by. In the quiet of their chamber, Jack- 
son read the fifth chapter of Second Corin- 
thians, which begins with these beautiful words, 
"For we know, if our earthly house of this 
tabernacle is dissolved, we have a building of 
God, an house not made with hands, eternal 
in the heavens." lie then knelt and prayed for 
his household and for the countrv. 



COLONEL n 

After a last farewell to his wife, lie left his 
home, never again to enter it. A few days later 
Mrs. Jackson went to hve with a friend, and 
the house was closed. 

Jackson and the cadets marched to Staun- 
ton, whence they traveled hy train to Richmond 
and went into camp at the Fair Grounds. 
From Eichmond Jackson wrote his wife: 
"Colonel Lee, of the army, is here and has heen 
made Major-General of the Virginia troops. I 
regard him a better officer than General Scott." 

A few days later Jackson was appointed a 
colonel in the Virginia ami}' and ordered to 
take connnand at Harper's Ferry, the town on 
the Potomac made famous by John Bi'own's 
raid. Here were an arsenal and a nuniher of 
government workshops. This important place 
had already fallen into the hands of the Vir- 
ginia troops, and it was na^essary to hold it 
until the arms and machinery could be moved 
away. 

It may be well to give a word-picture of 
Jackson as he appeared on the eve of a career 



72 LIFE OF JACKSON 

which was to fill the world with his fame. He 
was tall and erect, with large hands and feet. 
His hrow was fair and hroad; his eyes were 
blue — placid and clear when their owner was 
calm, but dark and flashing when he was 
aroused. The nose w^as Eoman, the cheeks 
rudd3% the mouth firm, and the chin square and 
covered with a brown beard. Jackson's step 
was long and rapid, and if he was not a graceful 
rider he was a fearless one. In battle or as he 
rode along his columns, hat in hand, bowing 
right and left in response to the cheers of his 
soldiers, he made a noble figure. Few even of 
his close friends were aware of his military 
genius, so that lie burst on the world as a meteor 
darts across the sky. 

On his way to Harper's Eerry, he wa'ote thus 
to liis wife: 

''Winchester, April 29, 1861. 
"I expect to leave here about two P. M. to-day 
for Harper's Ferry. I am thankful to say that an 
ever-kind Providence, who causes 'all things to 
work together for good to them that love him,' has 
given me the post which I prefer above all others. 



74 LIFE OF JACKSON 

. . . You must not expect to hear from me very 
often, as I shall have more work than I have ever 
had in the same time before, and don't be troubled 
about me, as an ever-kind Heavenly Father will 
give us all needful aid." 

Jackson had been ordered b}^ Major-General 
Lee to organize and drill the men who had 
gathered at Harper's Ferry and to hold the 
place as long as possible against the foe. He 
went to work with great zeal, arranging the 
men into companies and regiments. The name 
he had made for himself in the Mexican War 
led the soldiers to obe}^ him readily, and he soon 
had a little army of forty-five hundred men. 

The separate State army, however, was pres- 
ently a thing of the past. Virginia joined the 
Southern Confederacy in May, 1861, and 
handed over the State forces to the Confederate 
government, which boimd itself to pay her sol- 
diers and defend her soil. General Joseph E. 
Johnston was sent to Harper's Ferry to take 
command and Colonel Jackson at once gave 
up his charge. 



COLONEL 75 

The Virginia regiments in the town — the 
Second, the Fourth, the Fifth, the Twenty- 
seventh, and the Thirty-third, with Pendleton's 
artillery — were formed into a brigade under 
Jackson. This was the command which after- 
wards became famous as the Stonewall Bri- 
gade, and which, as we shall see, did much hard 
service and fought man}^ battles. 

General Johnston found that he could not 
hold Harper's Ferr}^ against the Federals, who 
were coming up under General Patterson. He 
therefore burned the great railroad bridge over 
the Potomac river at that place and moved 
away the guns and stores. On Jmie 16, he 
withdrew his little arm}^ to Bunker Hill, a ham- 
let twelve miles north of Winchester. Here 
he offered battle to Patterson, but the Northern 
general refused to fight and retreated to the 
north bank of the Potomac. 

On June 19, Jackson was ordered to march 
northward and watch the foe, who were again 
crossing to the Virginia side of the river. He 
was also ordered to destro}^ the engines and cars 



Y6 LIFE OF JACKSON 

of the Baltimore and Ohio raih'oad at Martins- 
burg. This he did, although it was an unpleas- 
ant duty. 

Jackson remained near Martinsburg until 
July 2, having Colonel J. E. B. Stuart, with a 
body of cavalry, in his front to keep him in- 
formed of the enemy's movements. On that 
day Pattei'son advanced toward Jackson, who 
met liim with onl}" one regiment and a handful 
of cavalry. A sharp skirmish followed. As 
the Federals now began to come up in large 
numbers, Jackson fell back to his main body, 
having taken about fifty prisoners and killed 
and wounded a number of the enenw. His own 
loss was two men killed and ten wounded. 

In this first fight, which is known as the 
battle of Falling Waters, Jackson showed such 
boldness and, at the same time, such care for his 
soldiers' lives, that he at once gained a hold on 
their esteem. They knew that they had a brave 
and able leader. 

General Patterson now entered Martinsburir, 
where he remained some time. Johnston, hav- 



COLONEL 77 

ing come up with his army, offered battle day 
after day, but Patterson had other plans and 
soon moved away. 

On the day after the fight at Falling Waters, 
Jackson received this note : 

''Richmond, July 3rd, '61. 
'*My deak General: 

"I have the pleasure of sending you a commis- 
sion of Brigadier-General in the Provisional 
Army, and to feel that you merit it. May your 
advancement increase your usefulness to the State. 
"Very truly, 

"R. E. Lee." 

General Jackson, as Ave must now call him, 
was pleased at this reward. He wrote his wife : 
"Tlu'ough the blessing of God, I have now all 
that I ought to wish in the line of promotion. 
May His blessing rest on you is my fervent 
praj^er." 

Ter' ri to ry : a great tract of land. 
Mar' tyr : one who dies for a great cause. 
Con' sti tu' tion : the chief law of a country. 



78 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Ar' se nal : a storehouse for arms and military 
supplies. 

Ma rines' : soldiers wlio serve on sea and land. 

Vol un teer' : one who enters any service of his 
own free will. 

Me' te or : a fiery body falling from the sky. 

What happened in October, 1859? 
Wlien did South Carolina secede ! Virginia? 
Tell about Jackson's departure with the cadets. 
Where was Jackson first in command? 
What was Jackson's first battle in 1861? 
What promotion did Jackson receive in July, 
1861? 



CHAPTER VI 
General 

In the spring of 1861, the States of North 
Carohna, Tennessee, and Arkansas also joined 
the new Confederacy, the capital of which was 
Eichmond, Virginia. The main object of the 
l\OYth was to capture this city. For the pur- 
pose four armies were raised. The first was 
to move up the James river; the second by 
way of Manassas ; the third up the Shenandoah 
Valley, and the fom'th across the mountains 
from the northwest. 

Turn to the map of Virginia on the next 
page and find the places spoken of; then 
you will understand the plan at once. 

The Confederate army was much smaller 
than the Federal, because the Southern States 
were more tliinl}^ settled than those in the 
North. Besides, the North drew men as well 
as supplies from the whole world. The North 



80 LIFE OF JACKSOIT 

was rich; the South was poor and lacked guns 
and everything else needed in waging war. The 
outside world was soon closed to her b}^ the 
Federal navy, wliich guarded the seacoast 




WAR MAP OF VIRGINIA 



closely and kept ships from coming into the 
Southern harbors. Witli all these things against 
the South, her generals would have to show 
great skill in meeting large armies with fewer 
men. 

You will remember that General Joseph E. 



GENERAL 81 

Johnston was at Winchester with a small force, 
watching General Patterson. Just across the 
Blue Eidge mountains at Manassas, sixty miles 
southeast of Winchester, Beauregard (bo' re 
gard) , another Southern general, was facing a 
Northern army under General McDowell. This 
army was thirty-five thousand strong, while 
Beauregard had only about twenty-eight thou- 
sand men. 

McDowell's troops had the best of uniforms, 
artiller}^ and rifles — in fact, all that money 
could buy to aid them in doing good service in 
tlie field. On tlie other hand, the Confederates 
were poorly clad and were armed with old mus- 
kets and old cannon ; many of them had but the 
shotguns they had used for hunting in their 
bojdiood days. 

The North fully believed that its fine army 
would crush the Confederates at one blow, and 
when McDowell was a little slow in giving 
battle, the cry was raised, ''On to Richmond!" 
Crowds of reporters, members of Congress, 
government clerks, and even ladies, went from 



82 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Washington in tlie rear of tlie Federal army to 
witness the overthrow of the Confederates. 

McDowell at last made ready to attack. 
When he did so, Beauregard asked Johnston to 
leave Patterson at Winchester and come across 
the momitains to his aid. Johnston at once sent 
Colonel J. E. B. Stuait with his cavalry to face 
Patterson and keep him from learning that the 
Confederates wei-e slipping away from Win- 
chester to join Beauregard. Stuart obeyed his 
orders so well that Johnston was at Manassas, 
sixty miles away, before Patterson learned that 
he had gone. 

The little Southern army left Winchester in 
the morning of July 18. The first Virginia 
brigade, led by Jackson, headed the line of 
march. As the troops passed through the streets 
of Winchester, the people sadh^ asked whether 
they were going to leave the town to the enemy. 
The soldiers answered that they did not know 
why they were marching south. 

About three miles from Winchester, John- 
ston ordered a halt and had an order read ex- 



GENERAL 83 

plaining that the army was on its way to help 
Beauregard, now on the eve of a battle with 
McDowell. The men rent the air with their 
shouts when they learned tliat they were not 
retreating, and marched on at a double-quick. 
They waded the Shenandoah river, which was 
waist deep, crossed the Blue Eidge mountains 
at Ashby's Gap and stopped for the night at 
the village of Paris on the eastern slope. 

Dr. Dabney tells us that while the soldiers 
rested, Jackson himself kept watch, saying, 
"Let the poor fellows sleep; I will guard the 
camp myself." For two hours he walked up 
and down under the trees, or sat on a fence. At 
last, an hour before daybreak, he lay down on 
the grass in a fence corner and was soon fast 
asleep. 

At peep of day the brigade was up and a^say. 
It made such good time that at dusk on July 
19 the troops, hungry and footsore, marched 
into a field near Manassas, where they spent 
the next day in resting for the coming battle. 

The Confederate line stretched for eidit 



84 LIFE OF JACKSON 

miles along the soutlieiii btiiik of Bull Run, 
which could be forded at several places. Beau- 
regard had placed strong forces at these fords 
to keep tlie enemy from crossing. Before 
Johnston's army had come up, McDowell had 
tried the fords but had been driven back. 

Finding the fords too strongly held, lie 
planned to send a part of his forces around tlie 
left wing of the Confederates to a stone bridge, 
by which it might cross the stream and get in 
the rear of the Boutliern army. The Confed- 
erates, thus caught between two fires, front and 
back, would be crushed. 

McDowell started to carry out his plan in 
the morning of July 21, 18(31. He sent for- 
ward a heav}^ force to take the stone bridge, 
which was guarded by Colonel Evans with only 
eleven hundred men. After Evans had fought 
desperately for several hours and just as he was 
on the point of being driven away. Generals 
Bee and Bartow came to his aid, and for a 
while turned the tide of battle. The Federals, 
however, crossed the stream and slowly pressed 




JACKSON GUARDING THE CAMP 



86 LIFE OF JACKSON 

the Southerners back by weight of numbers. 
As the latter were retreating, Jackson reached 
the spot with his brigade, twenty-six hundred 
strong. He phxced his men on the crest of a 
hill in the edge of a pine thicket. 

Bee came u}) to Jackson, who was coolly en- 
gaged in making his preparations. ''General," 
he said, 'Hliey are beating us back." Jackson 
rej^lied firndy, "Then, sir, we will give them the 
bayonet." Bee, catching his spirit, galloped 
back to his troops, crying out, "There is Jack- 
son standing like a stone wall ! Rally behind 
the Virginians!" In this wa}^ the general 
gained the famous name, "Stonewall." The 
historian Dra}x?r sa3^s, "This name, received in 
a-baptism of fire, displaced that which he had 
received in a baptism of water." The retreat- 
ing Confederates rallied. 

From eleven in the morning until three in 
the afternoon the battle hung in doubt. The 
strong Fedei-al artillery swept tlie Southern 
lines and tlie Federal infantry made charge 
after charo^e. All the wliile Jackson's men were 



GENERAL 87 

lying along the crest, waiting for the moment 
to advance. Shells burst among them, killing 
and wounding a number and trying the patience 
of the rest. Jackson in the meantime rode back 




JACKSON AT MANASSAS 

and forth behind his line, saying, ''Steady, men ! 
Steady! All's well!" 

Finally the fire of the Northern cannon and 
the masses of Northern infantry began to tell. 
The commands on both sides of Jackson's 
brigade were once more falling back, and Jack- 
son saw that the moment had come to attack. 



88 LIFE OF JACKSON 

He gave the signal to his men to rise, crying 
out to the Second A^irginia llegiment, ''Eeserve 
your fire un^il the}' come ^Yithin fifty yards. 
Then fire and give them the ha3^onet ; and when 
you charge, yell like furies." 

The men sprang to their feet, fired one 
deadly volley in the faces of the nearing foe 
and dashed down the hill upon them. The Fed- 
erals, unable to stand the onset, turned and fled. 
A C*onfederate battery which had been cap- 
tured was retaken and Jackson's men broke the 
center of the Xorthern line. 

At this moment a fresh bod}^ of troops under 
General Kirby Smith reached the field. They 
bore do^^ii on the flank of the Federal armv, 
while at the same time Ileauregard ordered the 
whole Confederate line to advance. 

The cliarge proved too nmch for the tired 
and broken Federals. They began to give way 
on ever}^ side, and presently the whole army 
fled from the field in utter rout. The men, cast- 
ing away their guns, made for the nearest fords 
of Bull Eun. The Confederate cavalry pur- 



GENERAL 89 

sued them, and Kemper's field artillery shelled 
them from every hill. The road to Washington 
soon hecame a struggling mass of men and 
horses, rushing pell-mell toward the north. 

Jackson's 'troops took no part in the pursuit 
except to fire then- cannon at the fleeing foe, 
most of whom did not stop their flight until they 
were safe in Washington. 

Though the Confederates were the victors, 
they had lost many hrave men. Generals Bee 
and Bartow were killed and Kirby Smith w^as 
badh^ wounded. Jackson himself was slightly 
wounded in the left hand early in the day, but 
he took no notice of the hurt. At the close of 
the battle he felt the pain keenly and went to 
his field hospital. 

Dr. McGuire, tlie head surgeon, said, "Gen- 
eral, are you much hurt?" 

"Xo," Jackson replied. "I believe it is a 
trifle.'' 

"How goes the day?" asked the doctor. 

"Oh!" exclaimed eTackson; "we have beaten 
them ; w^e have gained a glorious victory." 



90 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Dabney sixys that this was the only time that 
Jackson was ever heard to express joy at 
having won the day. 

When the surgeon came to dress his hand, 
Jackson said, ''No, I can wait. My wound is 
but a trifle; attend first to those poor fellows." 
He then sat down on the grass and waited until 
the injuries of the badly wounded had been 
bandaged. At first it was thought that his 
middle finger would have to be cut off, but Dr. 
McGuire saved it by skilful treatment. 

While Jackson was having his hand dressed, 
he is said to have declai'ed that with ten thou- 
sand fi-esh troops he would be in Washington 
city next day. As he was not in command of 
the army, however, there was nothing for him 
to do but to await orders. 

On the da}^ following the battle, Jackson 
wrote his wife : 

"Yesterday we fought a great battle and 
gained a great victory, for which all the gloiy 
is due God alone. Though under fire for sev- 
eral liours, I received onlv one wound, the 



92 LIFE OF JACKSON 

breaking of the longest finger of the left hand, 
but the doctor says it can be saved. My horse 
was wounded but not killed. My coat got an 
ugly wound near the hip. . . . Whilst great 
credit is due to other parts of our gallant army, 
God made my brigade more instrumental than 
any other in repulsing the main attack. 

"This is for you alone. Say nothing about it. 
Let others speak praise, not m3^self." 

But the praise of the Stonewall Brigade was 
not sung by Jackson alone. Both friend and 
foe unite in saying that if it had not held the 
hill which was the key to the position until help 
came, tlie battle of Manassas would have been 
a defeat for the South and not a victory. Jack- 
son's keen eje saw the place in which to make 
a stand, and he held his ground for hours 
against all odds. At one time, when the men 
were lying on the ground with the shells burst- 
ing over tliem, some of the officers begged to 
be allowed to charge. 

"Xo," said Jackson, "wait for the signal. 
This place must be held." 



GENEEAL 93 

We do not seek to take gioiy from any of the 
gallant soldiers who fought in this hattle. Some 
of them, as Bee and Bartow, gave up their hves, 
and others, as Kirby Smith, made forced 
marches to come up in time; hut there can be 
little doubt that Jackson was the hero of the 
day. 

The road to Washington was now open and 
the Confederates might have taken the city if 
they had pushed on without dela}^ But the 
commanding generals were afraid to risk the 
attempt with an army which had been drilled 
only a few weeks, and thus the golden oppor- 
tunity was allowed to pass. In a few days the 
North had chosen a new^ commander. General 
George B. McClellan, who set to work to raise 
new forces to defend Washington. 

The Southern lines were later pushed within 
sight of Washington, but no battle took place, 
as McClellan would not risk a fight so soon after 
the rout at Manassas. Jackson spent this time 
in drilling his troops and making them fit for 
harder battles in the future. 



94 LIFE OF JACKSON 

In October lie was promoted to the rank of 
major-general and sent to the Shenandoah Val- 
ley to take command of the army which had 
been serving in West Virginia. The Stonewall 
Brigade was left behind with General John- 
ston. This parting was a great trial both to 
Jackson and the brigade. 

When the time came for him to go, he 
ordered the Stonewall Brigade to march out 
under arms, and rode to the front with his staff. 
No cheer arose; every face was sad* After 
speaking a few words of praise and apprecia- 
tion, Jackson threw his bridle reins aside and, 
stretching out his arms, said: 

'*In the Army of the Shenandoah, you were 
the first brigade. In the Army of the Potomac, 
you were the first brigade. You are the first 
brigade in the affections of your general ; and 
I hope that by 3^our future deeds and bearing 
you will be handed down to posterity as the 
first brigade in this, our second War of Inde- 
pendence. Farewell!" 

With a final wave of his liand, he left the 



GENERAL 95 

field amidst the cheers of his men. The separa- 
tion, however, was but for a short time. In 
November following, the first Virginia bri- 
gade was ordered to join Jackson at AVinchester 
and it remained with him until the fatal hour at 
Chancehorsville, when it lost him forever. 

Des' per ate ly: fiercely; with great determi- 
nation. 

Fu' ries : fierce and terrible beings. 

Pell-mell : in disorder. 

In' stru ment' al : the means of doing something. 

Op' por tu' ni ty : chance to do something. 

Pos ter' i ty : those who come after. 

Sep' a ra' tion : parting. 

Wlio commanded the Confederate army at Win- 
chester ? At Manassas ! 

Who commanded the Federal army at Ma- 
nassas ! 

What did Beauregard ask Johnston to do? 

How did Johnston succeed in carrying out the 
plan? 

What was McDowell's plan? 

Wliat did Jackson do in the first battle of Ma- 
nassas? 

How did he get the name of Stonewall? 



CHAPTER VII 
The Valley Campaign 

At the close of the year 18G1, Jackson was 
at Winchester with ahout ten thousand men. 
Generals Loring and Henry Jackson had 
brought their troops from western Virginia to 
join him. 

The commander of the cavahy was Lieu- 
tenant-Cok:>nel Turner Ashby, a gallant, watch- 
ful, and able officer. At the sound of his well- 
known shout and the cry of "Ashby" from his 
men, the Federal horsemen would often turn 
and flee. Ever guarding the outposts of the 
army, he was Jackson's ''eyes and ears." 

At this time three armies threatened Jack- 
son. He knew that they would crush him if 
he did not beat them singly before they could 
unite. His defeat would endanger the Southern 
cause; for his little army in the Shenandoah 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 97 

Valley was the guard to Johnston's flank. That 
general with forty thousand men was still at 
Manassas, facing McClellan, who was at the 
head of a great host which he was fast drilling 
into a trained army. If Jackson were defeated 
in the Yalle}^, Johnston would be forced to re- 
treat, and perhaps the whole State would fall 
into the enemy's hands. 

The main armies were in winterquarters, and 
there was not much danger of a move before 
spring. Jackson, therefore, made up his mind 
to attack a Federal force holding the towns of 
Bath and llomney in northwestern Virginia. 
It was the last of December before he could 
collect the supplies needed for the expedition. 

On the first day of the year 1862, the little 
army of nine thousand men set out without 
knowing in the least where it was going ; Jack- 
son had kept his plans to himself. In spite of 
the winter season, the da}^ was bright and the 
air warm. Indeed the weather was so mild 
that the soldiers left their overcoats and 
blankets to be broudit in the wagons. That 



98 LIFE OF JACKSON 

afternoon, however, a biting wind began to 

blow, followed by rain and sleet. 

The men marched all next day, and at night 
the wagons were still far behind. The troops 
rested without rations or blankets, having only 
campiires to keep them w^arm. On the third 
day they were so weakened by cold and hunger 
that it was difficult for them to go forward. 
Jackson, riding grimly along the road, found 
his old brigade standing still, and asked General 
Garnett the reason of the delay. 

*'I have halted," said Garnett, ''to let the 
men cook rations." 

''There is no time for it," Jackson curtly 
replied. 

"But it is impossible for the men to go farther 
without them," said Garnett. 

"I have never found anything impossible for 
this brigade," Jackson answered, riding on. He 
was restive and eager to press forward, as his 
plans to surprise the eneni}^ called for swift 
movement. 

N^ear the town of Bath the toiling column 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 99 

was siuldeiilv attacked by Federals from behind 
trees and fences ; the hitter were driven off with 
some loss. That night the Southern troops went 
into camp just outside the town in the midst of 




ON THE ROAD TO ROMNEY 

a raging snowstorm. They were without food 
and blankets, and the wonder is that they lived 
through the night. 

But Jackson made no change in his plans, 
though there was great complaint among the 
men, a number of whom staggered back to 



100 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Winchester in a half-starved condition. The 
next morning the general was able to furnish his 
soldiers a good breakfast, after which the order 
was given to advance. 

The Confederates charged the breastworks 
in front of Bath, and the Federals hastily fled 
to the Potomac river. On entering the town, 
the Southern soldiers found quantities of sup- 
plies, fine clothes, china, and even dinners, al- 
ready cooked, waiting for the hungry victors. 

Jackson next hurried to a place called Han- 
cock, three miles distant and on the north bank 
of the Potomac. Placing his cannon on the 
southern bank, he opened fire on the town and 
called for its surrender. The enemy refused, 
and as fresh troops were coming to their aid, 
Jackson decided to pass on to Eomney. Gen- 
eral Loring burned the railroad bridge over the 
Cacapon river and cut the telegraph wires, so 
that the Federal commander at Komney could 
not send for help. 

The weather had become terrible. Eain, 
snow, and sleet beat down on the men, who were 



THE VALLEY Cx\jViPAlGN 101 

ill-clad and often without food, for it was im- 
possible for the wagons to keep up. The moun- 
tain roads were covered with ice, on wdiich botli 
men and horses fell. Many soldiers were hurt, 
while wagon after wagon was overturned and 
left on the roadside. 

Jackson was everywhere along the line, 
cheering the troops and even helping them in 
person. Once he came on a cannon which had 
stalled in the mud. A crowd of soldiers stood 
nearb}^ looking on without offering to lend a 
hand. Jackson got off his horse without a word 
to the idle soldiers and put his shoulder to the 
wheel. At this the men came forward, shamed, 
and the piece moved on. 

After great hardships the little army finally 
reached Ronmey, on January 14, to find the 
Federals gone. They had fled, leaving miUtary 
stores of great value, which fell into the hands 
of the Confederates. Even at this early time 
tlie name of Jackson was a terror, and the 
enem} , with a force larger than his, retreated 
before him. 



102 LIFE OF JACKSON 

In two weeks' time Jackson had driven the 
Federals from a large district, had made the 
Baltimore and Ohio railroad useless to them 
for a long distance, and had captm-ed great 
stores of arms and supplies. This he had done 
with the loss of four men killed and twenty- 
eight wounded. 

, Leaving Loring at Romney with a portion of 
the arm} , Jackson luirried hack to Winchester. 
From this place lie could watch the movements 
of the Federal General Banks, who was near 
Harper's Ferr}^ ^^'ith a large force. 

On reaching Winchester, he found the whole 
State in an uproar over the expedition to Eom- 
ne}^ through the sleet and snow. Many people 
declared that he was cruel and unfit to com- 
mand an army. Some claimed that he was a 
madman; others that he was without common 
sense. Another charge brought against him 
was that of being partial to the Stonewall Bri- 
gade, wdiich he had brought back to Winchester 
with him while leaving Boring's troops in the 
mountains. The sokliers of this brigade were 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 103 

called ''Jackson's Pet Lambs" and similar 
names. 

The truth was tliat Loring's men were far 
more comfortable than the Stonewall Brigade ; 
the fomier lived in huts and the latter in mere 
tents outside of Winchester. 

A further complaint against Jackson was 
that he would tell his plans to no one. "It was 
his maxim," says Dabney, ''that in war mys- 
tery is the key to success." He thought that 
an}^ news given out might come to the knowl- 
edge of the enemy, and that it was the part of 
wisdom to conceal everything. This secrecy 
angered his officers, some of whom so far forgot 
themselves as to treat their general with dis- 
respect. 

Jackson took no notice of tliese charges. He 
was busily at work putting up a telegraph line 
between Romne^' and Wincliester when, on 
January 31, 1862, he received this order from 
Richmond: "Order Loring back to Winches- 
ter at once." 

The cause of this action on the part of the 



104 LIFE OF JACKSON 

government was a petition which some of the 
officers left at Eomney had sent to Eichmond. 
They asked to be ordered back to Winchester, 
as Eomney was, in their opinion, entirely too 
open to attack. 

Jackson recalled the troops from Eomney 
but at once offered his resignation to the gov- 
ernment. This caused great excitement in the 
State. The people were unwilling to give up 
an officer who had shown courage and skill, 
and he was begged to withdraw his resignation. 
He refused. He said that the government had 
shown, by its order, that it did not trust liim, 
and that he could do nothing if he was meddled 
with. At last the government made a sort of 
aj^ology, and Jackson took up his duties again. 

Soon after Loring left Eomney, the Federals 
entered the town. Thus all of Jackson's efforts 
and the sufferings of his soldiers came to 
naught. It was a great blow to Jackson, as 
Winchester was once more open to attack from 
the northwest. 

The Federal plan of invasion in 1862 was 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 105 

much the same as that of the previous year. 
Fremont was coming from the northwest; 
Banks, from Harper's Ferry ; McDowell, from 
Fredericksburg; McClellan faced Johnston at 
Manassas; and another army had gathered at 
Fortress ^lonroe, ready to march up the James 
river to Eichmond. The Northern host was 
much larger than in 1861, while the Southern 
army was smaller, as the time of service of 
many men had ended and others had gone home 
on leave of absence. 

Several brigades were taken from Jackson 
to strengthen other points, and he was left with 
onl}' five thousand men to guard the flank of 
Johnston's army and protect the Shenandoah 
Valley. 

On February 26, General Banks, with 
thirty-five thousand men, and General Kelly, 
with eleven thousand, advanced against Jack- 
son. The latter was still at Winchester, hoping 
to hold that place until help came from John- 
ston. But learning from Ashby that he was 
almost surromided by the enemy, he fell back 



106 LIFE OF JACKSON 

slowly up the Valley turnpike to Mount Jack- 
son, a village f ort}^ miles south of Winchester. 
Here he had sent his stores and sick soldiers 
some weeks before. When the Federals en- 
tered Winchester, they found not a prisoner or 
musket ^'to enrich theii* conijuest." 

It was a great trial to Jackson to give up 
Winchester to the eneni} , but he promised his 
friends to come again. We shall see how well 
he kept his word. 

On March 19, Johnston wrote to Jackson at 
Mount Jackson, asking him to move north and 
prevent Banks, if possible, from sending troops 
from his army across the mountains to McClel- 
lan. Word was brouglit at the same time that 
fifteen thousand men were leaving Banks's 
amiy to aid in turning Johnston's flank as he 
fell back from Manassas to lines nearer Pacli- 
mond. 

Jackson at once started down the Valley 
again with his little army, now numbering only 
twenty-seven hundred men. Ashby's cavalry 
attacked the Federal outposts at Winchester 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN lOT 

and drove them in. Banks, thinking that Jack- 
son would give no more trouble, had gone to 
Washington, leaving General Shields in com- 
mand. 

On the morning of March 23, 1862, Jack- 
son pushed forward with his whole force to- 
ward the north. When about five miles from 
Winchester, at a handet called Kernstown, he 
found Asliby fighting furiously with the 
enemy's advance. 

Jackson at once gave battle, though heavily 
outnumbered. The struggle went on from noon 
until night. Eegiment after regiment of Fed- 
erals was hurled against the thin gray ranks, 
which fought stubbornly. The Confederates 
would have won the day if the ammunition of 
the Stonewall l^rigade had not given out. 
Hearing his fire die awa}^ for want of cart- 
ridges. General Garnett ordered a retreat. 

Jackson was of a different mind. When he 
saw his old brigade give way, he galloped to 
the spot, and, telling Garnett to hold his ground, 
pushed forward to rally the men. He seized a 



108 LIFE OF JACKSON 

drmnmer boy by the arm, dragged him into full 
view of the soldiers and ordered him to beat a 
rally. The lad obeyed, and amidst a storm of 
balls the lines reformed. 

It was too late. The enemy were now press- 
ing forward in such nmnbers that nothing was 
left but to retreat. This the Confederates did 
in good order, and the Federals held the blood- 
stained battlefield. 

In the battle of Kernstown, twenty-seven 
hundred Southern troops, with eleven cannon, 
attacked eleven thousand Federals and almost 
gained a victory. It is said that Shields had 
given the order to retreat when the Stonewall 
Brigade fell back. 

The story is told that as Shields followed 
Jackson up the Valley, he stopped at a country 
house for the night. Jackson had also rested 
there on his retreat and the mistress of the house 
had learned the number of his men. Shields at 
breakfast on the morning after liis arrival 
boasted, in a polite way, of his victory at 
Kernstown. 




♦BEAT THE RALLY' 



no LIKK OK JACKSON 

"All! (IciicrMi," (he l;i(ly i-cpllcd, "we can 
allord (Iclcjils like lli.il, wlicic Iwciitv'-sovcTi 
Imiidicd iiicii hold hack cIcncii llioiisaiid for 
Ikhii's niid llicii rclrc.'il .-il Icisiiic. ^riic o'ciid'al, 
siii|»ris('d l<» Ic.'ini (lie siiinll sl/c of Jackson's 
loicc, l)('i;!i,('(l llic L'ldy lo (ell liiiii licr inroriiiaiil. 

"( 'cilaliily," she said, "(iciicral Jackson's 
adjnlanl, Major Pa.\(on. I also kii()w that 
Lai-i^c rcinlorccincnis ai'c on (he way and Ihat 
flackson will soon \)c icady (o meet y(Ui aii^ain." 

"I ha\(' no doidM (d" thai, my dear madam," 
Shields smilingly replied. 

'rh(> nii^lil a tier K'crnslow n, riackson's <-!i"my 
i"es(ed a( Ne\\l(>\\n, while Ashhy kepi walch 
near Ihe halllelicld. "elacksim," says ( 'ooke, 
"^ol an arnilid ol coiai lor his horse; and, 
\\rapj)inii' Ids hlankel ahoul him, lay down by 
a lire in a fence corner and went lo slee])." 

'riionil,h defealed foi" lli(> lirsl and only 
lime ni his life, Jackson had gained his ohjin*!. 
'Hie lifle(Mi ihonsand men who had slartiMl 
across Ihe mounlains lo Mc( 'lellan wvvv i-ecall(Hl 
lo llie \'alle\ , and Johnslon was able (o move 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 111 

safely behind the Rappaliaimock river, liis new 
line of defense. 

At four o'clock on the morning of March 24, 
Jackson began his i-etrcat up the Valley. The 
enemy puj-sued foi- a time, but at length re- 
turned to Winchester. The Southern troops 
were far from being cast down by tlieii- defeat 
at Kernstown. They felt that they had made 
a o^ood fi2:ht against four times their number. 
It began to dawn on them, too, tliat their leader 
was a great genc^-al; whenever Jackson passeil 
along the columns, the men would cheer them- 
selves hoarse. 

Cooke tells us that one man was heard to ask 
as he marched along, "Why is Old Jack a bet- 
ter general than Closes?" ''Don't know," was 
the reply. "Because it took IMoses forty years 
to lead the Children of Israel through the Wil- 
derness, and Old Jack would have double- 
quicked them through it in three days." 

Another writer states that the men would 
laughingly declare that the onlv rest they had 
was when thev were i-eti-catinff before the 



112 LIFE OF JACKSON 

enemy. Jackson always led them by forced 
marches when going to attack, but never moved 
fast enough on a retreat to lose the chance of 
a fight. 

The arnw finally readied its old camp at 
Mount Jackson, where Jackson gathered the 
wounded and sent them up the Valle}^ On 
April 1, lie crossed the nortli fork of the Shen- 
andoah and took position on Eude's Hill, five 
miles below New Market. Banks was pressing 
up the Valley belihid liim. Asliby burned the 
bridge over the Shenandoah near Mount Jack- 
son after the Southern army had crossed. 
While Ashby was doing this work lie fought a 
skirmish with the Federal cavalry, in which his 
beautiful snowwhite charger was killed. 

Jackson remained at Eude's Hill until April 
17. By this time the water had gone down so 
that the Federals could cross the river. Jack- 
son then retreated through N'ew Market to 
Plarrisonburg, w4iere he turned east. Passing 
the southern end of Massanutton mountain, he 
crossed the south branch' of the Shenandoah 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 113 

river and posted his troops in the gorge of the 
Blue Eidge called Swift Eim Gap. 

The way to Staunton was now open to 
Banks, if he had had the courage to go on. But 




TURNER ASHBY 

(From an old print.) 



he held back, for Jackson in his rear was worse 
tlian Jackson in front. For two weeks the 
Confederates held the Gap, while Banks lin- 
gered at Harrisonburg, laying w^aste the 
country. 



114 LIFE OF JACKSON 

At this time Jackson had about eight thou- 
sand men and thirt}^ cannon. His soldiers had 
returned from hospitals and leaves of absence, 
and a number of recruits had come in to swell 
his force. The general used the time of rest 
to drill his troops and mend his artillery. In 
the meantime he made bold plans, which he was 
soon able to carry out with the help of Robert 
E. Lee, now guiding tlie movements of the Con- 
federate armies. 

In order to understand the genius of our liero 
and the bravery and endurance of his men, you 
must study tlie map on the next page. You 
will see that the Shenandoah Valley is bounded 
on the east b}^ the Blue Eidge mountains and 
on the west by the Alleghany. Winchester is 
in the northern end of the Valley and Staunton 
is about ninety miles to the south. A fine road, 
known as the Valley pike, runs between the two 
places. 

Near the center of the Valley rises a lovely 
mountain which the Indians called Massanut- 
ton and which still retains that name. This 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 115 

mountain begins near Strasburg and extends 
about fifty miles southward, ending not far 




VALLEY OF VIRGINIA 



from Harrisonburg. There is only one gap in 
the Massanutton and that is opposite the towns 
of Xew Market and Luray. The valley east 
of the Massanutton is called the Page Valley; 



116 LIFE OF JACKSON 

the entire valley, including the Page Valley, is 

the Valley of Virginia, or the Shenandoah 

Valley. 

Though Jackson and his little army were 
safe for a time in Swift Eun Gap near the vil- 
lage of Elkton, the}^ could not remain there, 
as three armies were marcliing against them. 
Banks was only fifteen miles distant; Milroy 
was coming hj wa}^ of Staunton from west- 
ern Virginia, and Fremont from the northwest. 
There was great danger that 3,Iilroy would 
overcome General Edward Johnson, who was 
opposing him, take Stamiton, and join Banks. 
The united armies would then crush Jackson. 

The Confederate general made up his mind 
that he must prevent his foes from uniting. He 
also wished to keep Staunton out of their hands, 
as it was an important to\A'n on tlie railway 
which carried supplies from the fertile Valley 
to Eichmond. 

Moreover, it was necessary to strike a hloAV 
for the defense of Eichmond. McClcllan had 
drawn near the Southern capital with an armv 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 117 

of more than one hundred thousand men, while 
another army of forty thousand men under 
McDowell was at Fredericksburg, sixty miles 
north of llichmond. If McDowell joined Mc- 
Clellan, the fate of Richmond would be sealed. 
Something must be done to keep the two armies 
from coming togetlier. 

Eobei't E. Lee at Eiclimond told Jackson 
to follow his own plans and sent him General 
Ewell (u' ell) Avith eight thousand men. 
Ewell's troojis marched to 8wift Paui Gap from 
the east, taking tlie place of Jackson's own 
force, which was withdrawn. 

Jackson had made up his mind to unite with 
Johnson and attack Milroy near Staunton. 
But it would not do foj" him to march straight 
down tlie ^^allc}^ to Staunton, for then Banks 
would be sure to follow him. So Jackson 
planned to deceive the enemy. He marched 
southward along the Blue Eidge to another 
pass, called Brown's Gap. Here he turned east 
and hurried across the mountains to Mechum's 
River station on tlie railroad running east and 



118 LIFE OF JACKSON 

west. The troops were put on trains waiting 
for them and carried due west to Staunton, to 
the great jo}^ of the people of that place, who 
thought that they had heen deserted. 

Jackson was now joined by the forces under 
Edward Johnson. On May 7, he moved to- 
ward General Milroy, who was posted on Shen- 
andoah mountain twenty miles west of Staun- 
ton. As the Confederates drew near, the Fed- 
erals fell back to the village of McDowell. 

On May 8, the Southern soldiers climbed the 
sides of the mountain overlooking the little vil- 
lage. Jackson was about to attack the Fed- 
erals, when Milroy's troops were seen ad- 
vancing in line of battle from the cover of the 
woods. The long blue line came toiling up the 
slope of the mountain toward the Confederate 
position. 

Jackson quickly made his preparations for 
battle. The heights held by the Confederates 
were of no great advantage to them, because 
the slopes were so steep that the men had to 
stand on the verv crest to fire on the climbing: 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 119 

enemy. This made them good targets for the 
Northern sokUers below. 

The Twelfth Georgia Regiment held the cen- 
ter of the line with great bravery. Though 
ordered to retil'e from the crest to escape the 
enemy's fire, the gallant men disobeyed and 
kept their position. The next day when one of 
the Georgians was asked why his regiment had 
hot fallen back, he rephed, "We didn't come 
all the way to Virginia to run from Yankees." 

The battle of McDowell lasted from lialf- 
past four in the afternoon until eight o'clock, 
when the shades of night ended it. The Fed- 
erals, repulsed in all their efforts to carry the 
ridge, retreated to the village. 

It was one o'clock in the morning before 
Jackson reached bis tent, having waited to see 
the last wounded man brought off the field and 
tlie last picket posted. He had eaten nothing 
for many hours ; yet when his faithful servant 
Jim brouglit him food, he said, "I want none — 
nothing but sleep." And in a moment he was 
fast asleep. 



120 LIFE OF JACKSON 

He was in the saddle at peep of day, but on 
climbing the mountain, he saw tliat the enemy 
had left in the night. Jackson at once sent 
word to Eichmond, 'Tlod blessed om* arms 
with victory at McDowell yesterday." Then 
he set out in pursuit of the fleeing foe. 

lie followed them as far as Franklin in the 
heart of the mountains, where the Federals set 
fire to the woods in order to hide their move- 
ments and hold back the Southerners. The 
smoke hung like a })all over the mountain roads 
and the heat from the blazing forest on every 
side was terrible. Jackson pressed on until he 
was sure that the enemy had made their escape, 
when he decided to return to the Valley. 

Banks, on hearing of Milro3^'s defeat, had 
fallen back from IIarrisonl)urg to Strasburg. 
There was now no longer an}' danger that he 
would soon unite ^^•ith Fremont, because the 
distance between the two armies had greatl}^ in- 
creased. The Confederates, therefore, had a 
good o])])ortunity to attack I^anks before he 
could receive aid. 




TWELFTH GEORGIA REGIMENT AT McDOWELL 



122 LIFE OF JACKSON 

On May 20, Jackson was again at Xew 
Market, where be was joined by Ewell from 
Swift Eun Gap. Banks bad tbrown up strong 
earthworks at Strasburg in tbe bebef tbat Jack- 
son would attack bini in front. But tbe South- 
ern general planned to strike liini from another 
direction. 

As 3^ou remember, just east of ^ew Market 
there is a pass or gap through tbe Massanutton 
mountain. Sending a small force of cavalry 
down the turnpike toward Strasburg, Jackson 
gave the impression that he was coming that 
way. Then he quickty led his army through 
the pass of the Massanutton into the Page Val- 
le}^ on the other side. 

Hidden by the mountain, his troops marched 
unseen to the town of Front Eo3^al, which lies 
at the northern end of the Massanutton. Banks 
had })osted a force here to protect his Hank. So 
silenth^ and swiftly had Jackson's troops 
marched that they were nearly in sight of Front 
Eo3\al before any one knew of their presence. 

A mile from tlie town the Federal pickets 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 123 

were fired on, and the Confederates rushed for- 
ward to the attack. The Federals, who thought 
that Jackson was a hundred miles away, were 
taken by surprise. After a brave but hopeless 
fight, tlie}^ hurried across the Shenandoah river 
towards Strasburg. 

The Southern cavalry followed fast, and, in 
a great charge near Cedarville, scattered the 
retreating troops to the winds. A great part 
of tlie Federal force was captured, as well as a 
quantity of stores at Front Royal. 

Banks at Strasburg did not at once take 
alarm, because he thought that Jackson's attack 
was only a cavalry raid. When he learned, 
however, that Jackson in person was tr3ang to 
reach the turnpike leading from Strasburg to 
Winchester and cut off his retreat, he awoke to 
his danger. He hurried his army northward 
toward Winchester. 

The next morning. May 24, Jackson began 
to move at daj^break. Many things delayed his 
march. His troops had to pass througli dense 
woods in order to get to the turnpike, and the 



124: LIFE OF JACKSON 

Northern cavalry stoutty opposed their ad- 
vance. It thus happened that when Jackson at 
last reached the great liighwa}^ he saw only 
the hnes of blue horsemen, m the rear of 
Banks's arnw, and the long wagon train. The 
Federal infantry and artillery had escaped to 
the north. 

The Confederates rushed cannon into posi- 
tion as soon as they came to the turnpike and 
the infantry ran to tlie fences and poured a 
volley into the crowded road. The Federal 
column at once broke in wild flight, and soon 
the pike was a mass of struggling men and 
horses. The rear guard, some distance behind, 
fled back to Strasburg and escaped over the 
mountains to the Potomac. 

On the turnpike, Ashby's cavalry pursued 
the flying foe, firing into them from every hill- 
top. Cooke thus describes the scene: 

''Either a shell or a round shot would strike 
one of the wagons and overturn it, and before 
those behind could stop their headwa}^, they 
would thunder down on the remains of tlie first. 



126 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Others would tumble in so as to block up the 
road, and in the midst of it all, Ashby's troopers 
would swoop down, taking prisoners or cutting 
down such as resisted." 

Ashby's men soon began to plunder the cap- 
tured wagons, thus giving the enemy time to 
recover from the panic. Near Newtown the 
Federals turned and fired on their pursuers. A 
part of the cavalr}^ and the wagon train* made 
good their escape to Winchester, to which place 
the infantry had fled. 

The main body of Jackson's army pressed 
o?iward without halting for food or rest. The 
"foot cavahy" of the Valley marched all night 
along the pike, wliich was ht up by "burning 
wagons, pontoon bridges, and stores." Every 
now and then they would come on men am- 
bushed along the side of the road, when fierce 
fights would ensue. 

At sunrise on i\Iay 25, Jackson's advance 
force climbed the steep hill southwest of Win- 
chester. This height was held b}^ the Federals, 
who gave way before the advancing Southern- 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 12T 

ers . With a shout the latter gained the crest of 
the hill and planted their cannon. 

Though the Confederates had marched all 
nidit and had had no food, thev at once be^an 




RICHARD S. EWELL 

the battle of Winchester. Ewell was on the 
right, Ta3dor on the left. ''Jackson/' says a 
writer, ''had his war-look on, and rode about 
the field, regardless of shot and shell, seemingly 
as calm as if nothing were happening." 



128 LIFE OF JACKSON 

After a fierce iigiit the Federals retreated, 
and Jackson entered Winchester on the heels 
of the panic-stricken foe. The people of the 
town were beside themselves with delight at 
seeing their beloved general and his gray- 
jackets once more, and they cro^ ded the streets 
to welcome the victors. 

For the first time Jackson was excited. He 
waved his faded cap ai-ound his head and 
cheered with right good will. The troops 
liurried forward with Jackson leading them. 
When one of his officers said, ''General, don't 
you think you are going into much danger?" 
his reply was, ''Tell tlie ti'oops to press riglit on 
to the Potomac." They kept up the pursuit 
until the enemy crossed the river with the loss 
of many prisoners and quantities of stores. 

Jackson had done his work well. The 
^N'orthern people were so alarmed for the safety 
of Washington that troops were called there 
for its defense. McDowell at Fredericksburg, 
instead of being allowed to join McClcllan, was 
ordered to send half of his army to the Valley. 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 129 

Tlie Federal plan of attack on Eichmond had 
been upset by Jackson's movements, and Mc- 
Clellan was left to fight his battles alone. 

After a short I'est at Winchester, Jackson 
advanced toward Harper's Ferry with the view 
of attacking the Federal troops there. He was 
halted by the news that two armies, one under 
General Shields coming from the east, and the 
other under General Fremont moving from the 
west, were headed for Strasburg; it was their 
purpose to cut Jackson off from Eichmond and 
capture him. 

Jackson at once hastened back to Winches- 
ter, where he gathered the supplies and stores 
taken from Banks. Sending these up the Val- 
ley, he follo\^'ed rapidly with his whole army. 
It was a race between the Confederates and the 
two Federal columns as to which would reach 
Strasburg first. A part of the Southern army 
marched from the neighborhood of Harper's 
Ferry to Strasburg, nearly fifty miles, in little 
more tlian twenty-four liours. Well might they 
be called "foot cavalry." 



130 LIFE OF JACKSON 

When Jackson entered Strasburg, Fremont's 
advance was almost in sight. He sent Eweh to 
hold Fremont in check, for the Stonewall Bri- 
gade had not yet come up. There was a fierce 
fight, but Ewell succeeded in driving the enemy 
hack. TJiat evening the Stonewall Brigade ar- 
rived, and the whole army continued its retreat 
up the Valley. 

Jackson had won the race and was safe for 
tlie present. He liad passed between the two 
Fedei'al columns movino- on Strasburo^ without 
losing any of the stores captured at Winchester. 
Flis spoils were twenty-five hundred prisoners, 
a hundred cattle, two cannon, and many thou- 
sand pounds of provisions. All this had been 
gained with the loss of about four hundred men. 

But Jackson was not yet out of danger. As 
he slowly fell back u}) the main Valley, Shields 
turned into the Page Valley with the intention 
of crossing the Massanutton mountain at Xew 
Market and attacking him in the rear just as he 
had attacked Banks. If Shields could not do 
this, he might seize tlie bridges over the Shenan- 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 131 

cloali and thus cut Jackson oli' from the Blue 
liidge mountains and Ivichmond. 

Eremont pressed up the Yallc}^ turnpike in 
Jackson's rear, ^^•hile Shiekis was marching up 
the Page Valley. The Federal cavalry at- 
tacked on ever}^ opportunity^, keeping Asliby 
bus}^ to check them. On June 6, as he was 
leading a charge, he fell pierced to the heart by 
a bullet. His last words were, ''Charge Vir- 
ginians !" Ashby's loss was deeply felt by his 
commander, who owed much of his success to 
the cavalry chief. 

Jackson now took his stand at Port Eepublic, 
a little town at the upper forks of the Slienan- 
doah river, Eremont was at Harrisonburg, fif- 
teen miles to the northwest and on the western 
side of the river ; Shields was in the Page Valle}^ 
on the eastern side of the Shenandoah. Jack- 
son was between them. In liis rear was 
Brown's Gap in the Blue Pidge, througli which 
he could pass to join Lee at Eichmond. 

The Southern general had no idea of leaving 
the Vallev without striking' another blow. The 



132 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Shenandoah was very liigh, so that Shields and 
Tremont could not unite their forces. Jackson 
made up his mind to attack Shields first and 
then turn against Fremont. His army lay be- 
tween the north and south branches of the Shen- 
andoah, which flow together at Port Eepublic. 
There was a bridge at the town over the north 
branch, but the south branch, between Jackson 
and Shields, was crossed b}^ a ford. The north 
bank w^as high, but the south side stretched 
away in low meadows to the Blue Eidge 
near b}^ 

Leaving Ewell at Cross Keys to watch Fre- 
mont, now advancing from Harrisonburg, 
Jackson posted the rest of his army on the 
height overlooking the bridge at Port Eepublic. 
A small bod}^ of cavalry was sent across the 
south branch to find out Shields's position, 
while Jackson himself remained in the village. 
Early in the morning of June 8, the cavalry 
came galloping back with the news that the 
enem}^ was near at hand. 

Jackson in Port Eepublic at once gave 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 13?> 

orders for the batteries on the north side of the 
stream to open fire. Before the order could be 
carried out, a body of Federal cavalry dashed 
across the ford at the south branch into the 
town, followed by artillery. A gun was put 
into position at the southern end of the bridge. 

Jackson was now cut off from his army, 
which was on the other side of the river. But 
his presence of mind did not desert him. Eising 
in his stirrups, he called sternly to the Federal 
officer in command of the cannon, "Wlio told 
you to put that gun there? Bring it over 
here." The officer, thinking that Jackson was 
a Federal general, "limbered up" the piece and 
made read}^ to move. In the meantime Jackson 
and liis staff galloped across the bridge to 
safety. 

No time was lost by the Confederates in at- 
tacking. The artillery opened fire on the Fed- 
eral cavalry in the town and Jackson in person 
led the Thirty-seventh Virginia Regiment to 
the charge. The foe was driven from the 
bridge and the gun captured. Meanwhile Jack- 



134 LIFE OF JACKSON 

son's long wagon train, wliicli carried his sup- 
plies and ainnmnition, had been bravely de- 
fended by a handful of pickets and wagoi. 
drivers. The fire of the Confederate artillery 
from the heights made it impossible for the Fed- 
erals to hold the viUagc. They hastily retreated 
across the south river the way they had come. 

Hardly had tlie guns ceased at Port Eepublic 
before firing was heard in the direction of Cross 
Kej^s, five miles away, wliere Ewell was fight- 
ino- Fremont. The latter had twentv thousand 
men against Ewell's six thousand. The Con- 
federate force, liowevcr, was posted with great 
skill on a high ridge, which the enemy could 
not take. EwelFs men lay on their arms that 
niglit, ready to renevr the struggle next 
morning. 

Jackson liad otlicr plans. He had decided 
to strike Shields next. Leaving a guard to 
watch Fremont, lie ordered Ewell to march to 
Port Eepublic. At midnight a foot-bridge was 
tlirown over south river for the infantry to 
cross. This bridire was made bv niacins: 




JACKSON AT PORT REPUBLIC BRIDGE 



136 LIFE OF JACKSON 

wagons lengthwise across the swollen stream; 
the floor was formed of long boards laid from 
wagon to wagon. Over this rude, frail struc- 
ture the infantry passed, though not so quickly 
as the general wished. About midway of the 
stream a wagon stood two feet higher than the 
next, and all the boards but one liad pulled loose 
from the higher wagon. When the column 
began to move over, several men were thrown 
into the water by these loose planks. The 
others, refusing to trust any but the one firm 
plank, went over in single file. The crossing 
was Yery slow, and the army, instead of being 
in line to attack Shields at sunrise, was not en- 
tirely over until ten o'clock. 

By this time, the Federals were ready for 
the attack. Thus a few loose boards forced the 
Confederates to fight a bloody battle, for the 
chance of a surprise had been lost by the delay. 
This incident shows us that every care should 
be taken in doing the simplest dut}^ because the 
outcome of great events often turns on small 
matters. It is said that Jackson hoped to rout 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 137 

Shields and then return to attack Fremont. 
His plan was now upset. 

The battle of Port Eepublic, June 9, 1862, 
was a hard-fought contest. The Federals held 
a strong position between tlie mountain and the 
river and had many cannon. At first they re- 
pulsed the Confederates, but General Dick 
Taylor, with his famous Louisiana brigade, 
turned their flank along the mountain side. 
They tlien broke and lied from the field. The 
victors followed them ten miles down the river 
and captured a number of cannon and other 
spoils. 

As the Confederate soldiers passed the battle- 
field on tlieir return from the pursuit, they saw 
the hills on the north side of the river crowded 
with Fremont's troops, which had arrived in 
time to witness the rout of Shields' s army but 
could not cross to his aid. Fremont opened a 
cannonade on the surgeons on the south bank, 
who were caring for the wounded. 

A few da3^s later Fremont retreated down 
the Valley, followed by the Southern cavalry^ 



138 LIFE OF JACKSON 

now under Colonel Munford, which entered 
Harrisonburg on June 1 2 . The Federal armies 
had lost twenty-five hundred men at Cross 
Keys and Port Eepublic, besides cannon and 
stores ; the}' were in no condition to do any ser- 
vice for some time. 

Though Jackson's plan had not been entireh^ 
carried out, he had driven back two armies of 
fortj^ thousand men which had threatened to 
combine and crush him. More than this, Mc- 
Clcllan's plan for the capture of Eichmond had 
been upset. The government at Washuigton 
gave no heed to his requests for further troops, 
but moved its armies fi'om place to place in the 
effort to capture Jackson or guard the capital 
from his attacks. 

On June 12, Jackson led his army to ]^ Fount 
Meridian near Port liepublic. Here the 
wearied men had a brief rest while Colonel 
Munford guarded the turnpike below Harrison- 
burg. This is the dispatch Jackson sent to 
Eichmond: 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 139 

"Near Port Republic, June 9, 1862. 
''Tlirougli God's blessing, the enemy near Port 
Republic was this day routed, with tlie loss of, six 
pieces of artillery. 

"T. J. Jackson, 
"Major-Geyieral, commanding.'' 

Tlie Saturday after the battle was set aside 
by Jackson as a day of thanksgiving and 
prayer, and the next day the Lord's Supper was 
celebrated by the CHu-istian soldiers of the army. 
Jackson was present at this service and par- 
took of the sacred feast in company with his 

men. 

On June IG, he ordered Colonel Munford to 
press down the pike as far as Xew Market, in 
order to make the enemy believe that his whole 
army was advancing. This Munford did. The 
Federals, thinking that Jackson was again on 
the march, fell back to Strasburg and forti- 
fied it. 

In the meantime, on June 17, Jackson had 
started on a marcli, but not toward Strasburg. 
The mightv army of McClellan had drawn so 



140 LIFE OF JACKSON 

near to Eiclimond that the Hght of its camp- 
fires could be seen in the city. General Lee had 
decided to attack it and asked Jackson to come 
to his aid. 

Great care was taken to make tlie Federals 
believe that troops were being sent from Rich- 
mond to Jackson and that he w^as about to at- 
tack Fremont and Shields at Strasburg. A 
division was carried to Staunton and then hur- 
ried back to Eichmond. Jackson himself was 
hastening with his army toward Eichmond, 
where the next battle was to be fought. 

Munford made a great show on the Valley 
turnpike by way of hiding Jackson's real move- 
ments. Ever3^thing was done to keep the march 
a secret. The men were told to answer, ^'I 
don't know" to all questions which might be 
asked them along tlie way. Cooke tells the fol- 
lowing amusing story: 

One of Hood's men had strayed from the 
ranks to a cherry-tree, when Jackson rode up 
and saw liim. ''Where are you going?" asked 
the general. ''I don't know," replied the sol- 



THE VALLEY CAMPAIGN 141 

dier. "To what comiuaiid do you belong?" ''I 
don't know." "Well, what State are you 
from r "1 don't know." "What is the mean- 
ing of all this?" Jackson demanded angrily. 
"Well," was the reply, "Old Stonewall and 
General Hood issued orders 3^esterday that we 
were not to know anything until after the next 
fight." Jackson laughed and rode on. 

On June 25, the connnand reached Ashland, 
sixteen miles from Eiehmond. Jackson had 
gone on ahead to the headquarters of General 
Lee, where his part in tlie coming battle was 
pointed out to him. 

Campaign': a connected series of miUtary 
movements. 

Flank : side of an army. 

Re' in force' ments : fresh soldiers sent to an 
army. 

Mys' te ry : a great secret. 

Pe ti' tion (pe tish' un) : a request. 

Gen' ins (jen yus) : wonderful skill. 

Ad' ju tant : a military officer helping a general. 

Res' ig na' tion : the giving up of a place. 

A pol' o gy : making amends ; begging pardon. 

Am' mil ni' tion: powder and balls. 



142 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Ee cruit' : a new soldier. 
Pick' et : a soldier on guard. 
Pon toon' : a boat used in making a hasty 
bridge. 

Why did Jackson fight the battle of Kernstown ? 

What was the result of the battle! 

What was Jackson's object in attacking Milroy 
at McDowell? 

Describe tlie battle of McDowell. 

How did Jackson go about attacking Banks at 
Strasburg ! 

What two generals attempted to unite and crush 
Jackson? 

Wliat was Jackson's plan to defeat them I 

Describe the battle of Port Republic. 

Why did Jackson go to Richmond? 



CHAPTEE VIII 
The Great- Campaigns of 1862 

General McClellan was on the banks of the 
Chickahonihiy river, at one point only six miles 
from Richmond. He had the largest and best- 
equipped army that had ever been seen on 
American soil. 

His position was a strong one. He had tlie 
Pamunkey river on one side and the James on 
the other, with the marshes of the Chicka- 
hominy in front as natural protections against 
the Confederates. Besides, he had thrown up 
earthworks all along his line, which swept in a 
curve from Meadow Bridge road on the right 
to the Williamsburg road on the left, a distance 
of fifteen miles. 

There was one weak point, however, in Mc- 
Clellan's position; a part of his army w^as on 
the north side of the Chickahomin}^ river, while 

[143] 



144 LIFE OF JACKSON 

tlio ivst was on the south side near Richmond. 
Lee decided to attack the Federal wing north 
of the Chickahominy; if he struck it a quick 
blow, he might be able to destroy it before help 
arrived fi*om the other wing. The Southern 
commander planned to liave Jackson come 
from Ashland and attack tlie Federal right 
wing from Ix'liind, while A. P. Hill and Long- 
street assailed it in front. June 20 was the 
da}' agreed on for tlie attack. 

In the afternoon of this day, Hill advanced 
on Mechanicsville without waiting for Jackson, 
who had not vet reached the field. The Fed- 
erals fell back to their works on Beaver Dam 
creek. Hill's troops charged these eartliworks 
again and again with tlie utmost bravery, but 
the terrible artillery fire drove them back wdth 
heavy loss. 

That night the Federals, learning that Jack- 
son was close at hand, retired behind Powhite 
creek, where they made ready for battle. The 
next morning, June 27, Hill again attacked 
but could not capture their position, fortified as 




ROBERT E. LEE 



146 - LIFE OF JACKSON 

it was with breastworks of trees and rows of 

cannon. 

Lee waited anxiously for Jackson, who was 
to assail the extreme right of the Federal line. 
Longstreet's troops, whicli had been held back. 
^^ ere now sent against the Federal works at 
Gaines's Mill in order to save the day. Jack- 
son's march had been greatly delayed by the 
Federal cavalry, but he at last reached Old Cold 
Ilarbcr and formed his line of battle. 

The position Jackson's troops were called on 
to take was a very strong one. The Northern 
arni}^ held a higii liill, at the bottom of which 
ran a sluggish stream bordered b}^ marshes, 
Jackson's men advanced through the stream 
and swamp undei' a heavy fire and moved up 
the slope. They gained the crest, but here they 
were checked and driven back. 

At this moment, however, the rear line came 
up, and the Southern infantry in every quarter 
of the battlefield swept forward from the 
woods. With the cry of ''Stonewall Jackson," 
the Valley troops rushed again across the 



THE GEEAT CAMPAIGNS OF 18C2 147 
swampy ravine and up tlic liillside. Hill and 
Longstreet advanced at the same time, and as 
the sun was setting, blood-red in the smoky air, 




^f^:^: 



A. p. HILL 



tlie Southern flags were planted on the enemy's 
breastworks. 

The Federals soon gave way in disorder all 
along their line. The victory of Gaines's Mill, 
or Cold Harbor, had been won by the Confed- 
erates, and McClellan's right wing was crushed. 



148 LIFE OF JACKSON 

The Federal general withdrew what was left 

of it to the south side of the Chiekahomiiiv, and 

the next day, June 28, began his retreat to the 

James. 

McClellan was now in great peril. If he 
could not reach the James river below the Con- 
federate defenses, where his gunboats and 
supply ships could meet him, his army would 
fall a pre}^ to the Confederates. It was Lee's 
aim, therefore, to cut off his force from the 
river and surround it. The two commanders 
w^ere running a race, the result of which meant 
the safety or ruin of the Federal army. 

The fleeing Federals had one difficult obsta- 
cle to cross on their wav to the James, and that 
was the White Oak swamp. If the Southern 
army gained possession of the fords and bridges 
of the streams in this swamp, McClellan's men 
would be caught in the marshes and destroyed. 

Lee bent all his efforts to this end. The por- 
tion of the Confederate army south of the 
Chickahominy, under General Magruder, was 
ordered to attack the retreating enemy and 



THE GREAT CAMPAIGNS OF 18G2 U9 
clela}' him, until Hill, Longstreet, and Jackson 
could cross from the north bank of the Chicka- 
homin^' and attack him in the flank. 




MAP OF THE SEVEN DAYS' BATTLE 



In the afternoon of June 29, Magruder as- 
saulted the Federal rear-guard at Savage's Sta- 
tion, but was repulsed. Jackson, who was to 



150 LIFE OF JACKSON 

have marched straight on Savage's Station, v>as 
delayed hy having to huikl a bridge across the 
Chickahoniiny. The resuU of this fight was 
that McClehan's army safely crossed the dan- 
gerous White Oak swamp and continued its 
retreat. 

There was still a chance, however, that Lee 
would cut of! McClellan from the James. On 
the morning of June 30, Hill and Longstreet 
attacked the retreating Federals at Glendale, or 
Frayser's Farm. Here McClellan was able to 
hold his ground until nightfall. Then he 
escaped under cover of darkness, leaving many 
prisoners in the hands of the Confederates. 

Glendale was the crisis of the Seven Days' 
Battle. Had McClellan suffered a decisive 
defeat here, his armv must have been lost; as 
it was, he had saved it. Jackson did not reach 
the field of Glendale. When night closed the 
conflict, he was still north of White Oak 
swamp, ^^'hich he had not been able to cross be- 
cause of the burning of the bridges and the fire 
of the enemv's artillery. 



THE GREAT CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 151 
In tlie night of June 30, tlie whole Federal 
arni}^ continued its reti'eat to Malvern Hill, a 
very strong position not far from the James. 
As this was Lee's last chance to strike Mc- 
Clellan before he reached the river, he decided 
to attack, in spite of the long lines of frowning 
guns on the steep hillsides. Jackson had finalh^ 
crossed the White Oak swamp and the Southern 
arm}^ was united. 

The assault was made the follov. ing day, 
Jul}' 1, 1862. Owing to the timber and 
marshes, the Confederates could make little use 
of their artillery, while the Federals had three 
hmidrcd cannon in action. The Southern 
troops charged through the marshes and up tho 
hill with a bravery never surpassed. Hundreds 
fell, dead or wounded; the Confederates were 
driven back. 

Again and again they cliarged, but the Fed- 
eral cannon, loaded ^^'ith grape-shot, tore their 
lines to pieces. As darkness came on, they 
made a 'final effort to storm the crest, but this 
attack likewise failed. The firing ceased a])out 



152 LIFE OF JACKSON 

ten o'clock, when the weary troops lay down 
on the battlefield and fell asleep. 

At the close of the battle, Jackson rode 
slowh^ to the rear, where his faithful servant 
Jim was waiting for him with food and a pallet 
placed on the ground. Jackson ate a few 
mouthfuls and then went to sleep. About one 
o'clock he was awakened by Generals Hill, 
Ewell, and Early, who came to tell him that 
their commands had been cut to pieces and that 
if McClellan attacked the next morning they 
would not be able to continue the fight. 

Jackson list^^iied in silence to their report, 
and said. "Xo, McClellan will clear out by 
morning." The generals thought him mad, but 
daybreak showed that he was right. Malvern 
Hill lay before them deserted. McClellan had 
retreated in the night to Hai'i-ison's Landing 
under tlie shelter of his gunboats. 

Malvern Hill was a bloody battle for thr 
Confederates; their losses were very heavy. 
Jackson alone lost more than two thousand 
men. 



THE GREAT CAMPAIGNS OF 18G2 153 
As soon as possible after the battle, the 
Southern generals, pressing on to the James, 
found MeClellan strongly entrenched and the 
river full of gunboats. They then fell back to- 
ward Richmond without another battle. So 
ended McClellan's great plan to take Rich- 
mond. The Federal general had been fortunate 
to save his army from destruction. 

The worn-out Southern soldiers enjoyed a 
well-earned rest. But Jackson knew that there 
could be no long rest. MeClellan had been 
beaten, but the Xorth was gathering new hosts, 
and these must be met. Lee, therefore, decided 
to send Jackson north to threaten Washington 
once more. This move might force the Federal 
government to recall MeClellan from the James 
for the defense of its own capital. 

The various Federal forces in northei'n and 
western Virginia liad been gathered together 
under the command of General Pope. He was 
a boastful man who liked to tell of the great 
victories he was going to win. Pope was neai* 
Gordons ville, threatening the railroad which 



154 LIFE OF JACKSON 

brought sup23lies to Iliclimond from the Valle}^ 

Jackson moved northward a2,'ainst hmi. 

On di'awing near Gordons ville, Jackson 
fomid that his force was too small to fight 
Pope's army. Lee sent A. P. Hill to johi him, 
with Stuart's cavalry. 

About the last of July, Pope advanced south- 
ward. Jackson fell back before him, to draw 
him forward. When Pope's forces had become 
somewhat scattered, Jackson turned suddenly 
upon him. A battle was fought at Cedar Moun- 
tain, not far from. Culpeper. Jackson attacked 
before all his troops had come up, and the Fed- 
erals drove back some of his regiments. Eor 
a bi-ief time it looked as if he were about to 
suffer defeat. The Stonewall Brigade came up 
at this moment, however, and steadied the 
Southern line. Jackson rode into the midst of 
his broken regiments, calling, ''Eally, men, and 
follow me!" 

The troops rallied and advanced again. The 
Federals, outflanked on both sides, were driven 
from the field as darkness began to fall. Jack- 



THE GKEAT CAMPAIGNS OF 18G2 155 

soil did not pursue the flying foe very far. 
Pope's main army was near and it was too large 
for him to attack. So he withdrew to Gordons- 
vifle, where he awaited Lee. 

Just hefore the battle of Cedar Mountain, 
some officers asked Jim, General Jackson's 
servant, if there were any signs of a coining 
light. ''Yes, sir," replied the servant. ''The 
general is a great man for praying, night and 
morning — all times. But when I see him get 
up in the middle of tlic night and pray, then I 
know that there is o-oino' to be somethino^ to 
pay. I go straight and pack his haversack, for 
he'll call for it in tlie morning." 

Lee now arrived at Gordonsville with tlie 
greater part of the army, leaving only a small 
body to watch McClcllan. His plan was to 
defeat Pope and march north to Washington, 
thus forcing McClellan to leave his camp on tlie 
James river. 

Pope suddenlv learned that Lee had come up 
and lost no time in escaping behind the upper 
waters of tlie Rappahannock river. Lee moved 



156 LIFE OF JACKSON 

to the southern haiik; the two armies watched 
each other across the stream. Pope's position 
was too strong to be attacked in front, so Lee 
decided to flank it. While the commander him- 
self remained on the Rappahannock with Long- 
street, he sent Jackson off to the northwest. 

Marching rapidly behind the Bull Eun 
mountains, wdiich hid his movement from the 
enem}^ Jackson passed through Thoroughfare 
Gap, and on the evening of August 26, 1862, 
stood between Pope and Washington cit}^ He 
had circled the whole Federal army. His 
troops captured Manassas Junction, where im- 
mense stores liad been piled up for the enemv's 
use. The half-starved Southern soldiers en- 
joyed a feast of every kind of food, and then 
what could not be eaten or carried away was 
burned. 

As soon as Pope learned that Jackson was 
in his rear, he moved against him. But Jack- 
son did not wait at Manassas Junction to be 
attacked. He fell back toward the west, where 
he would be nearer Lee and Lonsfstreet, who 




JACKSON PREPARING FOR BATTLE 



158 LIFE OF JACKSON 

^^'ere now coming by way of Thoroughfare Gap 

to join him. 

Pope, not knowing Jackson's whereabouts, 
ordered his army to march on Centreville. As 
one of his divisions passed Jackson's position 
on the way to Centreville, on the evening of 
August 28, the Southern general attacked it. 
The brief but fierce and blood}^ battle of Grove- 
ton resulted in a C^onfederate victor}^ 

All this time Pope had been groping in the 
dark. Xow that he knew where to find Jack- 
son, he turned to crush him before Lee could 
come to his aid. Jackson's force had moved to 
the old Manassas battlefield, where tlie embank- 
ment of an unfinished railroad gave some pro- 
tection against artillery fire. The Confederates 
numbered twenty thousand men against the 
sixt}' thousand of Pope's army. Although 
heavih' outnumbered, Jackson held his position 
against all of Pope's assaults on August 29, 
1862. At one time wlien ammmiition irave out, 
the Southern soldiers repulsed a charge with 
stones and bavonets. 



100 LIFE OF JACKSON 

In the afternoon of the same day, Lee and 
Longs treet reached the field ^Yith the rest of the 
Confederate arni}^, though Pope did not know 
this. The next afternoon, August 30, 18()2, 
the Federal general, massing his troops, made 
a last effort* to crush Jackson. But his men 
reeled hack from the Confederate fire, and 
before they could recover Lee ordered Long- 
street to advance. At the same time, Jackson's 
troops charged from their blood-soaked posi- 
tion. The long line of gray infantry, with 
bayonets glittering and flags gleaming in the 
light of the setting sun, fell on Pope's sur- 
prised army. 

Tlie Federals, giving wa}^ on eveiy side, left 
the field in the hands of the Confederates. As 
night came on, the whole Northern army fled 
toward Washington. Only the strong forts on 
the Potomac, behind wliich the beaten troops 
found shelter, saved Pope from ruin. 

On the retreat from Manassas the Federal 
rear-guard fought a severe combat with the ad- 
vancing Confederates. A heavy storm came 



THE GREAT CAMPAIGNS OF 18G-2 IGl 
up while the fighting was going on. A. P. Hill 
sent an aid to Jackson to tell him that the am- 
munition was wet and to ask leave to retire. 

''Give my comphments to General Ilill," 
' said Jackson, "and tell him that the Yankee 
ammunition is as wet as his — to stay where 
he is." 

Jackson refused to let difficulties stop him in 
war, just as he had refused to let them clieck 
him in his earlier life. 

Genei-al Lee now decided to cross the Poto- 
mac and threaten Washington. Jackson led 
the advance. He remained in Frederick, Mary- 
land, for several days, resting his men. Lee, 
on reaching Frederick, at once sent him to cap- 
ture Harper's Ferr}^ wliich was strongly held 
by Federal troops. 

Jackson marched to Harper's Ferry, planted 
his cannon on the heights overlooking the little 
town and made ready to storm it with his in- 
fantry. The garrison of thirteen thousand men 
then surrendered. Vast quantities of arms and 
military stores were taken. 



162 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Shortly after the surrender, Jackson began 
his return march to join Lee. The Confederate 
commander had taken up a position at Sharps- 
burg near the northern bank of the Potomac 
river. With his forces divided, he was in great 
danger. jMcClehan, commanding the Xorthern 
army, had found a lost order of Lee's setting 
forth his line of march and thus knew the Con- 
federate plans. He at once advanced against 
Lee. 

Jackson reached Sharpsburg on September 
16. Even with his troops in the battle line, the 
Southern army was less than half as large as 
McClellan's. Lee had decided, however, not to 
recross the river into Virginia without a fight. 

Jackson held the left wing of the Southern 
line, reaching almost to the Potomac river. 
Early in the morning of September 17, 1862, 
the Federal columns advanced against him. 
They were driven back by his brave men. But 
new troops came up to help the Federals, and a 
fierce and bloodv combat followed. So heavy 
was the fire that acres of corn were cut down 



THE GREAT CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 163 
by bullets as cleanly as if reaped by scythes, 
and the dead lay in regiilar ranks along the 
Confederate front. 

At lengtli the Northern soldiers were driven 
back, only to return again In stronger force. 
They were repulsed once more, and Jackson's 
men advanced in turn. The terrible Eederal 
artillery fire, however, soon drove the South- 
erners back to their old position. 

McClellan then attacked Lee's right and cen- 
ter on Antietam (ante' tarn) creek, where 
another fierce struggle took place. Lee held his 
ground until night ended the battle. 

The next morning Lee and Jackson wished 
to attack McClellan but found that his position 
was too strong. The day was spent by both 
armies in burying the dead and caring for the 
wounded. In the evening, Lee, learning that 
new troops were coming to McClellan's help, 
decided to recross the Potomac. The army 
passed over the river that night. 

'Tor hours," saA's Dr. Dabney, "Jackson 
was seen seated on his horse, motionless as a 



164 LIFE OF JACKSON 

statue, watching the passage until the last man 

and the last carriage had touched the southern 

shore." 

Sharpsburg, or Antietam, as it is often called, 
was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Lee 
fought it with an army worn out by constant 
marching and weak from hunger. Nearly half 
his men had been left behind on the Virginia 
roads, unable to keep in the ranks. In spite of 
this, he had held his position at Sharpsburg 
against all attacks and had withdrawn into Vir- 
ginia at his pleasure. 

The Federals crossed the Potomac in the 
morning of September 19, but were met at 
Boteler's ford by A. P. Hill and repulsed 
with great loss. Hundreds were shot while they 
were trvino: to cross the river. 

AYhile the fighting was going on, an aid sent 
by Lee found Jackson calmly watching the 
combat. His only remark was, "^Yith the 
blessing of Providence, they will soon be driven 
back." McClellan made no further effort to 
follow Lee. 



THE GREAT CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 165 

For some weeks the Southern army rested in 

the lower Yallev. Jackson busied himself in 

getting clothes and shoes for his men and in 

filling up the ranks, which had been sadly 




JAMES A. LONGSTREET 

thinned by the fighting and hard marching of 
the summer. The sick and foot-sore returned 
in large numbers, so tliat the regiments were 
once more full and ready for the battles that 
were soon to be fought. 



166 LIFE OF JACKSON 

By this time Jackson had become the idol 
of his men. Their pet name for him was ''Okl 
Jack," and whenever he rode by they would 
cheer themselves hoarse. This story is told by 
an ej^e-witness : 

*'When Jackson's men were on their famous 
march to Manassas, at the close of the first day 
they came upon Jackson, who had ridden for- 
ward and dismounted and was standing on a 
great stone by the roadside. His sun-burned 
cap was lifted from his brow and his blue e3^es 
gleamed. The men burst forth into cheers, but 
he at once sent an officer to ask that there be 
no cheering, as it might betray their presence 
to the enemy. Instantly the shouting stopped, 
but as the men passed the general, their eyes 
told him what their lips could not utter — their 
love for him. Jackson turned to his staff, his 
face beaming with delight, and said, 'Who 
could not conquer with such men as these?' " 

Well might he be proud of soldiers who had 
been marching and fighting for days, many of 
them without rations and forced to live on 



THE GEEAT CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 167 
irreen corn found on the wavside, and who were 
yet full of courage and devotion! 

Sv^amp : soft, low ground. 

Ob' sta cle : something in tlie way. 

Oris' is : that on which some great event turns. 

For' tu nate : lucky. 

Ear ly : to stop retreating. 

Hav' er sack : a satchel carried by soldiers. 

Em bank' ment : a raised bank. 

De vo' tion : love, affection. 

How did Lee plan to attack McClellan? 

What was Jackson's part in the battle of 
Gaines's Mill? 

How did McClellan hope to escape? 

Where did McClellan make a last stand on July 
1, 1862? 

What was the result of the Seven Days' Battle? 

How did Jackson march around Pope I 

Wlio came to Jackson's aid at the second battle 
of Manassas? 

Describe Jackson's part in the battle of Sharps- 
burg? 

What feeling did Jackson's men have for him? 



CHAPTEE IX 
The Last Battles 

While Jackson was in the lower Shenandoah 
Valley, the Confederate government, on Octo- 
ber 11, 18G2, gave him the rank of lieutenant- 
-general, next to the hidiest in the service. 
Lee's army was divided into two corps, one of 
which w^as conm landed by Jackson and the 
other by Longstreet. These generals have been 
called the ''two hands" of Lee. 

Jackson's modesty and simple kindness of 
heart were not lessened by his promotion and 
his growing fame. One morning, riding out 
with his staff near Front Royal, he was stopped 
l)y a country woman, who anxiously inquired 
for her son Johnnie, serving, as she said, "in 
Captain Jackson's compam^" The general 
kindh^ asked to what regiment her son be- 
longed. The woman w^as astonished that 
''Captain Jackson" did not know her Johnnie 




JACKSON, JOHNSTON, AND LEE 



170 LIFE OF JACKSON 

and repeated her questions, almost in tears. The 
young staH officers at length began to smile. 
Jackson, hearing a titter, turned on them, re- 
buked them for their want of mamiers, and sent 
them off in different directions to hunt for 
Johnnie. He did not rest mitil mother and son 
were brought together. 

At the end of October, McClellan crossed the 
Potomac with an army of one hundred and 
forty thousand men. But he moved so slowly 
that President Lincoln lost patience with him 
and put General Burnside in his place. The 
latter general decided to try a new road to Eicli- 
mond. He marched toward Eredericksbm-g on 
the Eappahannock river, with the view of 
crossing that stream and coming down on Eich- 
mond from the north. 

Lee, seeing Burnside's plan, moved his own 
army to the Eappahannock. Jackson w^as 
called from the Vallej^, reaching Lee's camp on 
December 1. The Southern army numbered 
about sixty-five thousand men, of whom 
twenty-five thousand were in Jackson's corps. 



THE LAST BATTLES 171 

Lee held the hills south of Fredericksburg with 
his two corps, while Burnside was on Stafford 
Heights north of the river. The town of Fred- 
ericksburg lay between the two armies. 

Tiie troops on both sides suffered in the cold 
weather, especiall}^ the Confederates, who had 
no tents or overcoats and who were often with- 
out shoes and lived on scanty rations of fat 
meat and corn bread. These trials did not 
lessen their courage. They threw up breast- 
works and waited for the enemy. 

Burnside had much trouble in crossing the 
Eappahannock at Fredericksburg. Southern 
sharpshooters in the town fired on the men 
building the pontoon bridges, making the work 
slow and dangerous. In order to drive out the 
sharpshooters, Burnside opened fire on the 
town with one hundred and fifty cannon. 
Many houses were set on fire by the shells, and 
the people were driven from tlieir homes. At 
last the Federal columns crossed the bridges and 
entered Fredericksburg. By the morning of 
December 13, ninety thousand men were over 



172 LIFE OF JACKSON 

the river. The greater part were massed on the 
plain four miles south of Fredericksburg; the 
rest were in the town itself. 

To meet the enem.y, Lee had stretched out his 
line for five miles; Lon2:street held the Con- 



^,r^v.4^/u^ 4u'''?w^ ii^^t^„^^*^4^ 




federate left behind Fredericksburg, Jackson 
the right wing four miles away. 

The battle began by a fierce attack on Jack- 
son's position. The Federals charged with 
great bi'aver}^, but were repulsed with heavy 
loss. The other wing of the Northern army at- 
tacked Marye's Heights near the town, held by 
Lon2:street's men. The Boutherri infantry 



■■^^^supf'^'^ 




MAJOR GENERAL T. J. JACKSON 



174 LIFE OF JACKSON 

stood behind a stone wall and fired with careful 
aim into the blue masses pushing toward them. 
In spite of their splendid courage, the Federals 
were driven back in defeat. When night came 
thirteen thousand of them lay dead or wounded 
on the frozen earth, while Lee had lost five 
thousand men. 

Jackson wished to make a night attack on 
Burnside's beaten armv, huddled in the town, 
but gave up the plan. Thus he lost the chance 
to win' a decisive victory. Burnside did not 
attack again on the morning of December 14, 
and two nights later, in the midst of a storm of 
wind and rain, withdrew liis forces to the north- 
ern side of the river. 

Both armies now went into winterquarters. 
Jackson's corps built huts in the forest and 
made itself as comfortable as possible. The 
general lodged in a cottage at Moss Xeck be- 
longing to a Mr. Corbin. Here he set to work 
to w^ite out his reports to the government of 
the battles lie had fought. He did this with 
great clearness and regard for the truth. 



THE LAST BATTLES 175 

What a wonderful record it was! 

From the hist days of March, his men had 
fought the l^attles of Kernstown, McDowell, 
Winchester, Cross Keys, Port Eepuhllc, 
Gaines's Mill, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, 
Groveton, the second Manassas, Harper's 
Ferr}', Sbarpshurg, and Fredericksburg. Never 
had the}' failed in battle. When their ammu- 
nition had given out, they had fought with 
stones; and when there were no rations, they 
had lived on green corn and berries. So swiftly 
did Ihe}^ march from place to place that they 
were called the ''foot cavalry," and the knowl- 
edge that Jackson was ''lost" carried terror to 
the foe. 

Jackson's fame was now world-wide. Not 
onh' his own people but strangers from Europe 
made visits to the camp to see the general. 

In these months of rest, Jackson greatly en- 
joyed the visits of Stuart, the cavalry leader, 
who made the mess merry with his jokes and 
laughter. He was also very fond of little six- 
year-old Jane Corbin, who Uved in a big house 



17G LIFE OF JACKSON 

near by. Eveiy evening when the day's work 
was over, she would run in to see the general, 
and he always had some present for her. One 
evening, wdien he found nothing else to give 
her, he ripped off a band of gold lace from his 
new cap and put it on her brow. The lovely 
child lived only a few months longer. Early in 
the spring she was taken ill and died. Jackson 
mourned greatty for his little friend. 

The general had never enjoyed a leave of 
absence since that da}^ in 1861 when he 
marched away from Lexington. Now in April, 
1863, his famil}^ came to see him in camp since 
he could not go to them. He found great 
pleasure in caring for his infant daughter Julia, 
whom he named after her mother. 

This pleasant family life did not last long. 
The spring of 1863 was advancing and the 
Confederate army made ready for new battles. 
Jackson wislied to attack the enemy, for he saw 
that the small Southern forces must strike 
quickly if they would save themselves from 
being overwhelmed by the Northern masses. 



THE LxVST BATTLES 177 

The federals also prepared to attack. Burn- 
side had been removed from command of the 
Northern army, which ^Yas now led by ''Fight- 
ing Joe" Hooker, as he was called. His army 
numbered about one hundred and fifty thou- 
sand men and it still lay on the northern side 
of the Eappahannock river at Fredericksburg. 

Lee at this time had onh' fifty thousand men. 
Long-street's corps was away at Suffolk, a town 
near Norfolk. Thus the Southern commander 
had about one- third as many troops as the 
enemy. 

Hooker divided his army. The smaller part 
was to cross the Eappahannock at Fredericks- 
burg and hold Lee, while the main body was 
to cross the river far above tlie town and get 
between Lee and Richmond. The Southern 
army would then have to give battle away from 
its defenses and might be beaten. At the same 
time, Hooker sent liis cavalry off on a great 
raid to destroy tlie railroads which brought food 
from Eichmond to Lee's army. 

The first part of the plan was carried out 



178 LIFE OF JACKSON 

^^ itli skill and success. The main Federal army 
crossed the llappahannock without trouble and 
plunged into the great forest known as *'The 
Wilderness." AVlien Hooker reached Chan- 
cellors vihe, where several roads met, he dug 
trenches and planted cannon. He then moved 
slowly eastward toward Fredericksburg. 

The left wing of the Northern army, under 
General Sedgwdck, crossed the river below 
Fi-edericksburg and was at once met by Jack- 
son, who was ever watchful. Sedgwick did not 
intend to fight, however, but mereh^ wished to 
delay Lee at Fredericksburg until Hooker could 
come up behind him. 

Lee pi"omptly guessed tlie plan. He ordered 
Jackson to leave a single division in front of 
Sedgwick and to go at once in search of Hooker. 
This order reached Jackson at eight o'clock in 
the evening ei April 30, and by midnight his 
troops were on the march. Early the next 
morning tlie}^ came up with General Anderson, 
who was holding the enenw back with a small 
force. 




J. E. B. STUART 



180 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Jackson drew up his men in line of battle on 
a ridge about four miles east of Chancellors- 
ville and awaited attack. But Hooker now 
changed his mind. Instead of driving Jackson 
back on Fredericksburg, he slowly retreated tc( 
his strong earthworks at Chancellorsville. In 
tlie meantime Lee had come up with the rest 
of the army, and the Southerners pressed west- 
ward after the retiring enemy. 

When Lee and Jackson met that night they 
were joined by Stuart, \vho had studied the 
Federal position at Chancellorsville and found 
out its weak point. The Federals had built 
strong works on the east and south of C^han- 
cellorsville but not on the north and west. 
Jackson's quick mind at once planned to attack 
Hooker in the rear, just as Hooker had planned 
to attack Lee. If Jackson could come down on 
Hooker from the northwest, where there were 
no earthworks, he felt sure that he would win 
a victor}^ This was a difficult thing to do, how- 
ever, for the Southern forces were east of the 
Federals and must pass across their whole front 















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LAST MEETING OF LEE AND JACKSON 



182 LIFE OF JACKSON 

in order to get to the other side where the attack 

was to be made. 

Lee hsteiied to the phin and finally gave con- 
sent for Ills great lieutenant to make the trial. 
Lee's own part in the battle was to engage 
Hooker's left wing, while Jackson was march- 
ing aromid to attack his right wing. Jackson's 
chaplain, Mr. Lacy, told him of a road that 
would lead across the front of the Federal arm}^ 
to its right flank; as this road passed through 
the Wilderness, the trees would hide the move- 
ment from the enemy. 

At sunrise Jackson was in the saddle at the 
head of his column. After a last brief talk with 
Lee on the roadside, he plunged into the woods. 
Stuart's cavalry covered the line of march, and 
the infantiy, knowing that they were making 
one of their famous flanlv movements, went 
ahead at a rapid pace. 

Morning passed and the day wore on ; Jack- 
son was drawing near the right wing of the 
Federal ai-my. General Fitz Lee came to tell 
him that he would show him the Northern host 



THE LAST BATTLES 183 

from the top of a nearby liill. They rode up 
the liill together, and Jackson, through liis 
glasses, carefully viewed the Federal position. 
Then he made his preparations for battle. At 
three P. M., after a mai'ch of fifteen miles, he 
^Yas exactl}^ on the opposite side of the enemy 
from General Lee. 

Jackson now sent his last message to Lee: 
'The enemy has made a stand at Chancellors- 
ville. I hope as soon as practicable to attack. 
I trust that an ever kind Providence will bless 
us with success." 

Leaving the Stonewall Brigade under Gen- 
eral Paxton on the plank road, with orders te 
block the wa}^ to Germanna Ford, Jackson 
formed the rest of his men in three lines under 
cover of the woods. Eodes's division was in 
front, Colston's next, and A. P. Hill's in the 
rear. Between five and six o'clock tlie word 
was given and the bugles sounded the signal to 
advance. The gray line sprang forward as one 
man towai'd tlie enemy. 

The thickets were so dense that many of the 



184 LIFE OF JACKSON 

soldiers had the clothes torn from their backs, 
but on they went, sometimes creeping along 
on all fours to get through the dense under- 
growth. After an advance of two miles they 
came suddenly on the right wing of Hooker's 
army. The Federals were scattered about, 
cooking and eating their supper, never dream- 
ing that the dreaded Jackson was at hand. 
With a wild yell, the Confederates dashed for- 
ward and drove the enemy pell-mell through 
the forest for three miles. Jackson's only order 
was, "Press forward," and onward hurried his 
brave men toward the Federal center. 

At eight o'clock the Confederate advance 
was within a mile of Chancellorsville and still 
in the woods. Jackson ordered the fresh troops 
of A. P. Hill to relieve Kodes's men, who were 
worn out with marching and fighting. As he 
rode among the troops, Jackson kept saying, 
"Men, get into line! Get into fine!" Turning 
to Colonel Cobb, he sent him to tell Rodes to 
charge a barricade a shoi-t distance in front. 
He then rode into the turnpike to reconnoitre. 



THE LAST BATTLES 185 

Before the broken ranks of Eodes could gain 
the barricade, a fresh body of Federals came 
out from Chancellorsville, and the fight was 
renewed. It was ten o'clock and the moon sent 
her soft rays down into the heart of the Wilder- 
ness, usualh^ so quiet but now awake to the 
sound of tramping feet, the rattle of musketry, 
and the cries of the womided and d3^ing. 
Through moonliglit and shadow, with tliese 
sounds ringing in liis ears, Jackson went for- 
ward to his death. 

After riding up the turnpike a brief distance, 
he found that tlie enemy was advancing. He 
thereupon turned and came rapidly back to- 
ward his own troops. The Southern line of 
battle, lying in the thickets, thought that Jack- 
son and his staff were Federal cavahy and 
opened a sudden fire on tliem. So deadly was 
the aim that nearly every horse in the party 
was struck. Two officers were killed, others 
hurt. Jackson himself was wounded three 
times; his left arm was broken just below the 
shoulder joint and also lower down ; a third ball, 



186 LIFE OF JACKSON 

entering the palm of his right hand, shattered 

two bones. 

His left arm, so cruelly hurt, dropped help- 
lessly by his side, and the horse, no longer held 
bv the rehis, ran toward the enemy. As it gal- 




WHERE JACKSON FELL 

loped beneath a tree, a bough struck the rider in 
the face, tore off his cap, and threw him vio- 
lently back in tlie saddle. He did not fall but 
grasped the I'eins with his bleeding right hand 
and managed to turn iW horse back into the 
road. Here e^er^'thing was in wild confusion. 
Horses mad witli pain and fright were running 



THE LAST BATTLES 187 

about, while the \\'oiin(led and dying lay on 
every side. 

Captain AYilbourne, one of Jackson's aids, 
seizing the bridle, stopped the horse. The gen- 
eral was lifted from the saddle almost fainting 
from loss of blood. lie was placed on the side 
of the road while a messenger was sent to Dr. 
McGuire, the head surgeon. Presently General 
Hill came up. He took off Jackson's gauntlets 
and found that his left arm was broken. 

A bandage was quickh^ put on, and Jackson 
made an effort to walk. lUit after a few steps 
he was placed in a litter, which had been 
brought for his use. The litter was hardly in 
motion before the enemy opened fire with their 
artillery along the road. Many men were 
struck down, among them Genei'al Hill and one 
of the litter-bearers. The officers carrying the 
litter Avere forced to place it on the gi'ound and 
lie down beside it to escape the storm of grape- 
shot. 

When the fire lessened, Jackson rose to his 
feet and slowdy w^alked along, leaning on two 



188 LIFE OF JACKSON 

members of Ids staS. General Pender came up 
at lliis moment ; he saw that J ackson was seri- 
ously hurt. 

"General," he said, ''I am sorry to see that 
3^ou have been wounded. The hues here are so 
much broken that I fear we shall have to fall 
back." 

Tliough nearh^ fainthig, Jackson raised his 
right hand and said firmly, "You must liold 
your ground, General Pender! You must hold 
vour o-round!" This was his last order. 

As he had become very faint b}- this time, he 
was a<]:ain borne alono; on the litter toward the 
hospital at Wilderness Eun. In going througli 
the undergrowth, one of the bearers caught his 
foot and stumbled, letting the litter fall to the 
ground. Jackson's wounded shoulder was hurt 
and for the first time he groaned aloud. With 
great difficulty the bearers made their way to 
a place in the road where an ambulance was 
waiting. Jackson was placed in it and was 
soon met by Dr. ]\IcGuire, who found him 
almost pulseless. 




'YOU MUST HOLD YOUR GROUND' 



190 LIFE OF JACKSON 

A draught of spirits revived him. Ere long 
he was laid in a camp bed at the hospital, where 
he fell mto a deep sleep. About midnight he 
was awakened b}^ Dr. McGuire and told that 
it was thought necessary to amputate his arm. 

"Do what you think best, Doctor," was 
Jackson's calm reph . 

The surgeon cut off the left arm and took the 
ball out of the right hand. Jackson again fell 
into a deep sleep, which lasted until nine o'clock 
Sunda}' morning. 

General Stuart was now in command of 
Jackson's corps, for Hill was among the 
wounded. Xot knowing Jackson's plans, 
Stuart decided to wait until morning before at- 
tacking the strong Federal works at Chan- 
cellorsville. 

The next morning, May 3, 1863, he attacked 
on the west, while Lee advanced on the east 
and south. When the Stonewall Brigade went 
forward, the men raised the shout of "Eemem- 
ber Jackson !" "But even as they moved from 
their ])osition,'' says Dabney, "their general. 



THE LAST BATTLES 191 

Paxton, the friend and former adjutant of 
Jackson, was killed where he stood. His men 
rushed forward, and without any other leader 
than the name which formed their hattle-cr}^ 
swept everything hefore them." At ten o'clock 
in the morning, Chancellorsville was stormed 
and the Federals sought refuge behind new 
1>arricades nearer the river. 

In the meantime. General Sedgwick attacked 
Early at Fredericksburg and captured his 
trenches. He next advanced west to the aid of 
Hooker. Jiut Lee, having driven Hooker to 
the river, sent help to Early and later came him- 
self to oppose Sedgwick. Sedgwick was beaten 
in a sharp fight at Salem Church, four miles 
from Fredericksburg. He at once fell back to 
the Rappahannock, which he was fortunate 
enouo-h to cross. Then Lee turned once more to 
Hooker, but he, too, had retreated across the 
river. The battle of Chancellorsville ended in 
victory for Lee at ever}^ point. 

When Jackson woke up on Sunday morning, 
May 3, he asked one of his aids to go to Eicli- 



192 LIFE OF JACKSOX 

mond for his wife, whom lie had sent to that 
city when Hooker crossed the Eappahannock. 
His mmd was clear and he stated that if he had 
had one more hour of daylight he would have 
cut off the enemy from the fords, so that they 
would have had to fight their way out or sur- 
render. 

It was thought hest to remove the general to 
a quieter place, and on Monday he was borne 
to Guinea Station on the railroad, where every 
care was taken to make him comfortable. He 
showed great interest on hearing of the battle 
on May 3, and said of the Stonewall Brigade, 
"They are a noble body of men. The men who 
live through this Avar will be proud to say, 'I 
was one of the Stonewall Brigade.' " 

Jackson then went on to state that the name 
Stonewall belonged to this connuand alone, 
which had earned it by steadfast conduct at the 
first Manassas. He spoke also of General 
Eodes, saying that his gallant conduct should 
be rewarded by the rank of major-general. 
Paxton's death gave him great distress, but he 



THE LAST BATTLES 193 

grew calm again when told of the glorious deeds 
of his old bi'igade. He was much pleased at 
this noble letter from Lee: 

* ' General : 

'M have just received your note, informing me 
that you were wounded. I cannot express my re- 
gret at the occurrence. Could I have directed 
events, I should have chosen, for the good of the 
country, to have been disabled in your stead. 

''I congratulate you on the victory which is due 
to your skill and energy, 

''Most truly yours, 

"R. E. Lee, General." 

On Wednesda}^, Jackson's wounds were 
doing so well that it was thought possible to 
remove him by railroad to Richmond. That 
night, however, when Dr. McGuire was absent, 
he was taken with a severe pain in his side, 
which was due to pneumonia setting in. From 
that time he grew steadily weaker, until at last 
it was seen that he could live but a brief while 
longer. 

Mrs. Jackson arrived on Thursday, and to 
her the general said, "I know you would gladly 



194 ' LIFE OF JACKSON 

give your life for me, but I am perfectly re- 
signed." When she told him, in tears, that 
death was near, he whispered, ''Very good ; it is 
all right." He then sent messages to many 
friends and asked to be buried in Lexington, in 
the Valle}^ of Virginia. 

His little girl was now brought in to receive 
his farewell. He tried to caress her with his 
poor maimed liand — she smiling in her delight 
at seeing him ao^ain. The child remained bv 
his side on the bed until it was evident that he 
was gro^^ing very weak. 

His mind at last began to wander and he 
thought liimself on the battlefield. "Order 
A. P. Hill to prepare for action," he said. 
"Pass the infantry to the front. Tell Major 
Hawks" — he paused and then said gently, "Tjet 
us cross over tlie river and rest in the shade of 
the trees." 

Fromi this time he continued to sink, and at 
fifteen minutes past three in the afternoon of 
Sunday, May 10, 18G3, the spirit of the great 
captain passed away. 



THE LAST BATTLES 195 

Bar' ri cade : a hastily made defense of logs and 
earth. 

Corps (core) : the largest division of an army. 

Sharp' shoot ers : expert riflemen. 

Bom bard' ment: firing on a place with cannon. 

De cis' ive : final, complete. 

Chap' lain : a clergyman of the army or navy. 

Gaunt' let: a long glove. 

Am' bu lance : a wagon used for carrying the 
sick or wounded. 

Re' con noi' tre: to scout; to go ahead to gain 
information, 

What did Burnside attempt? 
How did Lee check him? 
Tell of the battle of Fredericksburg. 
What was Hooker's i)lan? 
What did Stuart find out about his position! 
How did Lee and Jackson plan to defeat 
Hooker? 

Describe Jackson's march through the woods. 

Tell of Jackson's wounding. 

Tell of the battle of Chancellorsville. 



CHAPTEK X 
On the Roll of Fame 

The news of Jackson's death was received 
with intense i>Tief throu^^hout the South. The 
Southern people knew that they had lost a great 
general, one that could not be replaced. The 
Avhole countr}^ sought to honor the dead liero. 
By order of President Davis, a special train 
brought his remains to Richmond. A beautiful 
new flag of the Confederac};. a gift of the coun- 
try, was used as a winding sheet. 

When the train reached Richmond, it w^as 
met by a vast throng of w^eeping people. On 
AVednesday, Ma}^ 13, the coffin, preceded by 
troops, was borne tln'ough the main streets of 
the city. The hearse was drawn by four white 
horses and was followed bv eight generals, who 
acted as pallbearers. Then came Jackson^s 
horse, harnessed as for battle and led by his 
bod}'-servant ; after that came his staff, the 



ON THE ROLL OF FAME 197 

President, the Governor of Virginia, the heads 
of the city government, and a great number of 
people. 

As the procession moved slowly along, can- 
non were fired and bells tolled. At last the 
capitol was reached and the body was taken 
into the building amidst the tears of the multi- 
tude. It lay in state all day, while thousands 
of people passed b}^ it, anxious for a last glimpse 
of the famous soldier. President Davis stood 
for a long time, gazing at the quiet face, and 
then left the building in silence. 

As the shades of evening fell and the liour 
came for closing the capitol, a one-armed 
soldier pressed througli the crowd to see Jack- 
son. The guards told him that he was too late, 
that the order had been given to clear the hall. 
He still struggled for^^^ard, refusing to take a 
denial, until the guards forced him back. Upon 
this the soldier lifted the stump of his arm, and, 
with tears running down his face, said, "By this 
arm, which I lost for m}^ country, I demand the 
privilege of seeing my general once more." The 



198 LIFE OF JACKSON 

appeal was not to be resisted, and tlie soldier 

was allowed a last look at the face of his dead 

leader. 

The next day the body was taken to Lexing- 
ton, where it was received by General Smitli. 



LITTLE SORREL— JACKSON'S WAR HORSE, 30 YEARS OLD 

the cadet corps, and nian}^ sorrowful citizens. 
It was placed in Jackson's old classroom. 
Every half hour the cadet battery pealed out a 
requiem to the great teacher of artillery tactics. 
Then the body was borne to the o:rave on a 
caisson of the cadet battery and laid to rest 



ON THE EOLL OF FAME 199 

beside his first wife in the beautiful Lexington 
cemetery. 

Lee's "right hand" liad been taken away in 
the hour of his greatest victory. There were 
other generals as brave and true as Jackson, but 
none that had the same j^ower of discovering 
the movements of the enemv and the same 




JULIA JACKSON AT THE AGE OF FOUR 

ability to strike such hard and unexpected blows 
— those «>ifts which made him the idol of his 
soldiers and tlie terror of liis foes. 

The renown of elackson is not confined to 
the limits of his own land. It has crossed the 
ocean, and the plans of his battles in the Valley 



300 LIFE OF JACKSON 

of Virginia, at the second Manassas, and at 
Chancellorsville are studied b}^ military men in 
eveiy comitry. Jackson is thought to be one 
of the greatest generals of all time. 

A few years after the war, his admirers in 
England gave a bronze statue of the general to 
the State of Virginia. It was placed in the 
Capitol Square in Richmond near the statues 
of Washington and the other great Virginians 
of his time. 

In the spring of 1891, a beautiful and im- 
posing statue of the hero was erected in Lex- 
ington, Virginia, Iw his old soldiers and friends 
and admirers. On Jul}^ 21 of that year, it was 
unveiled in the presence of a great crowd. The 
anniversary of the first battle of Manassas, 
when Jackson gained the name of Stonewall, 
was thought to be a fitting time for giving to 
the world this new memorial to the great mili- 
tary hero. 

For days and nights the trains bore into the 
old town thronffs of soldiers and other visitors 
f i-om all parts of the countr}^ Beautiful arches, 



ON THE ROLL OF F.UIE 201 

with mottoes, graced the huildings and high- 
ways and flags hung on every side. 




MRS. JACKSON AND HER DAUGHTER JULIA 

At noon on July 21, the great parade moved 
from the Virginia Mihtary Institute. General 
James A. Walker, who had heen commander 
of the Stonewall Brigade, was chief marshal of 
the dav. Band after hand of Confederate vete- 



202 LIFE OF JACKSON 

rails iiiarclied in the procession, some of them 
clad in their faded uniforms, followed by mili- 
tary companies from many cities, famous gen- 
erals of the war, and a long line of carriages 
bearing the principal guests. Among these 
last were General Jubal A. Early, General 
Custis Lee, Mr. E. V. Valentine, the sculptor 
of the statue, Mrs. Jackson, and her son-in-law% 
Mr. Christian, with Jackson's two grand- 
children. 

The parade halted before a grandstand In 
the Washington and Lee University grounds. 
After prayer and the reading of Southern 
poems. General Early, clad in Confederate 
gray, gave a simple account of Jackson's life 
and battles. He was greeted with the cheers 
and the tears of the veterans as they once more 
marched and fought in memory with the im- 
mortal Stonewall. 

At the close of the address, the procession 
proceeded to the cemetery, where stood the 
veiled monument. On the signal, Mrs. Jackson 
and her two grandchildren mounted the steps 



204 LIFE OF JACKSON 

of the platform. A gun sounded, and the chil- 
dren, with united hands, pulled the cord, letting 
the veil fall and revealino: to the throno; the face 
and form of Jackson. Amidst the thunder of 
the cheers, the Rockbridge artillery fired a 
salute from the gmis tlic}^ had used at the first 
battle of Manassas. 

But not enough had been done to honor the 
hero. In 1896, a noble building, called the 
"Jackson Memorial Hall," was built at the Vir- 
ginia Military Institute in his memory. In its 
halls the cadets will be trained for war for many 
years to come. How fit the place! Xcarby 
rest Lee and Jackson, noble examples to every 
3^outh who wishes to fight successfully the good 
fight of life. 

It was still felt, however, that a monument 
should be erected to Jackson which would rep- 
resent the love and admiration of the whole 
South. Within the last few 3^ears a fund has 
been raised for an equestrian statue. It will 
be placed in Richmond and will be the most 
fitting memorial to the world-famous soldier. 



ON THE ROLL OF FAME 
Cais' son : an ammunition wagon. 



205 



Tac' tics : the art of liandling troops in battle. 
Req' ui em : a hymn sung in honor of tlie dead. 
Vet' er an : one wlio lias seen long service. 
An' ni ver' sa ry : the day of the year on which 
some event has occurred. 

E ques' tri an : on horseback. 

Wliat was the feeling in the South at the death 
of Jackson? 

How was Jackson honored! 

Tell of his monument at Lexington. 




WAR POEMS 



, THE LONE SENTEY 

JAMES R. RANDALL 

'Twas at the dying of the day, 

The darkness grew so still, 
The drowsy pipe of evening birds 

Was hushed upon the hill. 
Athwart the shadows of the vale 

Slumbered the men of might, 
And one lone sentry paced his rounds 

To watch the camp that night. 

A grave and solemn man was he, 

With deep and sombre brow; 
The dreamful eyes seemed hoarding up 

Some unaccomplished vow. 
The wistful glance peered o'er the plain 

Beneath the starry light; 
And, with the murmured name of God, 

He watched the camp that night. 
[207] 



208 LIFE OP^ JACKSON 

The future opened unto him 

Its grand and awful scroll; 
Manassas and the Valley march 

Came heaving o'er his soul, 
Richmond and Sharpsburg thundered by 

With that tremendous fight 
Which gave him to the angel host 

Who watched the camp that night. 

We mourn for him who died for us, 

With one resistless moan; 
While up the Valley of the Lord 

He marches to the throne. 
He kept the faith of men and saints 

Sublime and pure and bright; 
He sleeps — and all is well with him 

Who watched the camp that night. 



"THE BEIGADE MUST NOT 
KNOW, SIE " 

AVhoVe ye got there?" — ''Only a dying brother. 

Hurt in the front just now." 
Good boy! He'll do. Somebody tell his mother 

Where he was killed, and how." 



WAE, POEMS 209 

'Whom have you there!" — "A crippled courier. 
Major; 
Shot by mistake, we hear. 
He was with Stonewall." — "Cruel work they've 
made here ; 
Quick with him to the rear ! ' ' 

'Well, who comes next!" — "Doctor, speak low; 
speak low, sir; 
Don't let the men find out. 
It's Stonewall!" — "God!" — "The brigade 
must not know, sir. 
While there's a foe about." 

Wliom have we liere — shrouded in martial 
manner. 

Crowned with a martyr's charm? 
A grand, dead hero, in a living banner. 

Born of his heart and arm : 

The heart whereon his cause hung — see how 
clingeth 
That banner to his bier ! 
The arm wherewith his cause struck — hark ! 
how ringeth 
His trumpet in their rear ! » 



210 LIFE OF JACKSON 

What have we left? His glorious inspiration, 

His prayers in council met. 
Living, he laid the first stones of a nation; 

And dead, he builds it yet. 



THE BIVOUAC OF THE DEAD 

THEODORE o'haRA 

The muffled drum's sad roll has beat 

The soldier's last tattoo; 
No more on life's parade shall meet 

That brave and fallen few. 
On Fame's eternal camping ground 

Their silent tents are spread. 
And glory guards, with solemn round. 

The bivouac of the dead. 

No rumor of the foe's advance 

Now sweeps upon the wind, 
No troubled thought at midnight haunts 

Of loved ones left behind; 
No vision of the morrow's strife 

The warrior's dream alarms; 
Nor braying horn, nor screaming fife 

At dawn shall call to arms. 

Their shivered swords are red with rust, 
Their plumed heads are bowed, 

Their haughty banner, trailed in dust. 
Is now their martial shroud. 



WAH POEMS 211 

And plenteous funeral-tears have washed 
The red stains from each brow ; 

And the proud forms, by battle gashed, 
Are freed from anguish now. 

The neighing troop, the flashing blade, 

The bugle's stirring blast, 
The charge, the dreadful cannonade, 

The din and shout are past. 
Nor war's wild note, nor glory's peal, 

Shall thrill with fierce delight 
Those breasts that never more may feel 

Tl;e rapture of the fight. 



THE SUXNY SOUTH 

FROM THE ''land WE LOVE^* 

The Sunny South! the Sunny South! 

The land that gave us birth; 
Where brightest hopes have cheered our youth- 

The land of generous worth. 

The Sunny South, though cast in gloom. 

Still land of beauteous flowers, 
Exhaling fragrance o'er our doom 

With sweet, refreshing powers. 



212 LIFE OF JACKSON 

The Sunny South! now ahnost mute, 
Still land of precious store, 

Where Nature yields her choicest fruit 
With sweetness crimsoned o'er. 



The Sunny South! awake! awake! 

Rise, like your mountains, rise! 
The birds sing sweetly for your sake. 

Beneath bright, genial skies. 

The Sunny South! be high your aim — 
Adorn your golden prime; — 

Unconquered minds you still can claim, 
And make your lives sublime. 

The Sunny South! heroic, grand! 

Where high-souled men did dare 
To bleed and die! — a noble band — ■ 

For home, and for the Fair. 

The Sunny South! let virtues blend 

In thee, all lands above: 
When God propitious smiles will lend, 

And bless the land we love. 

— c. L. H, 



AVAR rOEMS 213 

STONEWALL JACKSON'S WAY 

DES RIVIERES 

Come, stack arms, men ! Pile on the rails ; 

Stir up the camp-fire bright; 
No matter if the canteen fails, 

We'll make a roaring night. 
Here Shenandoah brawls along, 
Here burly Blue Ridge echoes strong, 
To swell the brigade's rousing song, 

Of "Stonewall Jackson's way." 

We see him now — the old slouched hat 

Cocked o'er his eye askew — 
The shrewd dry smile— the speech sc pat. 

So calm, so blunt, so true. 
The "Blue Light Elder" knows 'em well: 
Says he, "That's Banks; he's fond of shell. 
Lord save his soul! we'll give him—" well 

That's "Stonewall Jackson's way." 

Silence ! Ground arms ! Kneel all ! Caps off ! 

Old "Blue Light's" going to pray. 
Strangle the fool that dares to scoff! 

Attention! it's his way! 
Appealing from his native sod 
In forma pauperis to God, 
"Lay bare thine arm! Stretch forth thy rod! 

Amen!" That's Stonewall's way. 



214 LIFE OF JACKSON 

He's in the saddle now: Fall in! 

Steady! The whole brigade! 
Hill's at the ford, cut off; we'll win 

His way out, ball and blade. 
What matter if our shoes are worn? 
What matter if our feet are torn? 
Quick stej) ! we 're with him before dawn : 

That's Stonewall Jackson's way. 

The sun's bright lances rout the mists 

Of morning — and, by George! 
Here's Longstreet, struggling in the list. 

Hemmed in an ugly gorge. 
Pope and his Yankees, whipped before: 
*' Bayonets and grape!" hear Stonewall roar 
"Charge, Stuart! Pay off Ashby's score," 

In Stonewall Jackson's way! 

Ah, maiden! wait, and watch, and yearn, 
For news of Stonewall's band! 

Ah, widow! read — with eyes that burn. 
That ring upon thy hand! 

Ah, wife! sew on, pray on, hope on: 

Thy life shall not be all forlorn. 

The foe had better ne'er been born, 
That gets in Stonewall's way. 



WAB, POEMS 216 

THE PHANTOM HOST 

ABRAM F. RYAN 

My form was wrapped in the slumber 

Which steals from the heart its cares, 
For my life was weary 

With its barren waste of years; 
But my soul, with rapid pinions, 

Fled swift to the light which seems 
From a phantom's sun and planets 

For the dreamer in his dreams. 

I stood in a wondrous woodland. 

Where the sunlight nestled sweet 
In the cups of snowy lilies 

Which grew about my feet; 
And while the Gothic forest arches 

Stirred gently with the air, 
The lilies underneath them 

Swung their censors pale in prayer. 

I stood amazed and wondering, 

And a grand memoriam strain 
Came sweeping through the forest, 

And died; then rose again. 
It swelled in solemn measure. 

Till my soul, with comfort blessed, 
Sank down among the lilies 

With folded wings to rest. 



216 LIFE OF JACKSON 

Then to that mystic music 

Through the forest's twilight aisle 
Passed a host with muffled foot-steps, 

In marked rank and file; 
And I knew those gray-clad figures, 

Thus slowly passing by, 
Were the souls of Southern soldiers 

Who for freedom dared to die. 

In front rode Sidney Johnston, 

With a brow no longer wrung 
By the vile and senseless slanders 

Of a prurient rabble tongue; 
And near him mighty Jackson, 

With a placid front, as one 
Whose warfare was accomplished, 

Whose crown of glory won. 

There Hill, too, pure and noble, 

Passed in that spirit train, 
For he joined the martyred army 

From the South 's last battle plain. 
The next in order followed 

The warrior-priest, great Polk, 
With joy to meet his Master 

For he had nobly borne the yoke. 

There Stuart, the bold, the daring, 
With matchless Pelham rode; 



WAli POEMS 211 

With earnest, chastened faces, 

They were looking up to God. 
And Jenkins, glorious Jenkins, 

AVitli his patient, fearless eyes, 
And the brave, devoted Garnett, 

Journeyed on to Paradise. 

Before a shadowy S(|uadron 

Rode Morgan, keen and strong, 
And I knew by his trancpiil foi-ehead 

He'd forgotten every wrong. 
There peerless Pegram inarching 

With a dauntless martial tread. 
And I breathed a sigh for the hero, 

The young, the early dead. 

'Mid spectral black-horse troopers 

Passed Ashby's stalwart form, 
With that proud, defiant bearing 

AVhicli so spurned the battle storm; 
But his glance was mild and tender. 

For in that phantom host 
He dwelt with lingering fondness 

On the brother he had lost. 

Then strode the brave Maloney, 
Kind, genial adjutant; 



218 LIFE OF JACKSON 

And next him walked the truthful, 

The lion-hearted Gantt. 
There to that solemn music 

Passed a triad of the brave: 
Lomax, Phelan, Alfred Pinckney — 

All had found a soldier's grave. 

They were young and gentle spirits, 

But they quaffed the bitter cup, 
For their country's flag was falhng, 

And they fell to lift it up. 
And then passed in countless thousands 

In that mighty phantom host 
True hearts and noble patriots 

.Whose names on earth are lost. 

There ''the missing" found their places — 

Those vanished from our gaze 
Like brilliant, flashing meteors, 

And were lost in glory's blaze. 
Yes, they passed, that noble army — 

They passed to meet their Lord; 
And a voice within me whisxiered: 

"They but march to their reward." 



WAR POEMS 219 

STOXEWALL JACKSON 

H. L. FLASH 

Not midst the lightning of the stormy fight. 
Nor in the rush upon the Vandal foe, 

Did kingly death, with his resistless might, 
Lay the great leader low. 

His warrior soul its earthly shackles broke 
In the full sunshine of a peaceful town; 

When all the storm was hushed, the trusty oak 
That propped our cause went down. 

He entered not the nation's jiromised land 
At the red belching of the cannon's mouth 

But broke the house of bondage with his hand — 
The Moses of the South. 



THE BAND IN THE PINES 

JOHN ESTEN COOKE 

Oh, band in the pine-wood, cease! 

Cease with your splendid call; 
The living are brave and noble, 

But the dead were bravest of all. 

They throng to the martial summons. 
To the loud, triumphant strain; 

And the dear bright eyes of long-dead friends 
Come to the heart again. 



220 LIFE OF JACKSON 

They come with the ringing bugle, 
And the deep drum's mellow roar, 

Till the soul is faint with longing 
For the hands we clasp no more. 

Oh, hand in the pine-wood, cease ! 

Or the heart will melt in tears 
For the gallant eyes and the smiling lips 

And the voices of old years. 



STOXEWALL JACKSOX'S GEAVE 

MRS. M. J. PRESTON 

A simple, sodded mound of earth, 

With not a line above it^ 
With only daily votive flowers 

To prove that any love it; 
The token flag that, silently. 

Each breeze's visit numbers. 
Alone keeps martial ward above 

The hero's dreamless slumbers. 

A twelvemonth only since his sword 
Went flashing through the battle; 

A twelvemonth only since his ear 
Heard war's last deadly rattle. 



WAR POEMS 221 

And yet liave countless jDilgrim feet 
The pilgrim's guerdon i)aid him; 

And weeping women come to see 
The place where they have laid him. 

They come to own his high emprise 

Who. fled in frantic masses 
Before the glittering bayonet 

That triumphed at Manassas; 
He witnessed Kernstown's fearful odds 

As on their ranks he thundered, 
Defiant as the storied Greek 

Amid his brave three hundred. 

They will recall the tiger spring, 

The wise retreat, the rally; 
The tireless march, the fierce pursuit 

Through many a mountain valley. 
Cross Keys unlocks new paths tc fame. 

And Port Republic's story 
Wrests from his ever-vanquisned foes 

Strange tributes to his glory! 

Cold Harbor rises to their view. 
The Cedar gloom is o'er them, 

Antietam's rough and ragged heights 
Btretch mockingly before them. 



222 LIFE OF JACKSON 

The lurid flame of Fredericksburg 
Right grimly they remember, 

That lit the frozen night's retreat 
That wintry, wild December. 

Rare fame! rare name! If chanted praise, 

With all the world to listen. 
If pride that swells a nation's soul — 

If foeman's tears that glisten — 
If pilgrim's shining love — if grief 

Which naught can soothe or sever; 
If these can consecrate, this spot 

Is sacred ground forever. 



Supplementary Reading 

"Tell Me A Story" Price, Postpaid 

Mrs. LidaB. McMurry. For the First Grade .36 

So-Fat and Mew-Mew 

Georgiana Craik May. For the First Grade .36 

Grimm's Fairy Stories 

M. W. Haliburton and P. P. Claxton. For 

the First and Second Grades 36 

Fifty Famous Fables 

Lida B. ]\IcMurry. For the Second Grade 36 

Around the Lightwood Fire 

CaroHne M. Brevard. Indian Myths and 
Legends. For the Third Grade 45 

From the Land of Stories 

P. P. Claxton. A dehghtful little volume of 
fairy tales adapted from the German. For 
the Third Grade 30 

Wonder Tales 

Hans Andersen. For the Third Grade 50 

Stories of Bird Life 

T. Gilbert Pearson. For the Grammar Grades .60 
The Gold Bug and Other Selections (Poe) 

R. A, Stewart. For the Grammar Grades 36 

(Ask for catalog of other books for supplementary reading) 



B. F. Johnson Publishing Company 

RICHMOND, VA. 



Supplementary Historical Reading 

Price, Postpaid 

Life of General Robert E. Lee 

For Third and Fourth Grades. _.$ .50 

Life of General Thomas J. Jackson 

For Third and Fourth Grades. .50 

Life of Washington 

For Fourth and Fifth Grades 50 

Life of General N. B. Forrest 

For Fifth Grade 50 

Life of General J. E. B. Stuart 

For 'ifth and Sixth Grades 50 

Soldier ^ife in the Army of Northern Virginia 

For Fifth Grade „. .50 

Tennessee History Stories 

For Third and Fourth Grades. 50 

North Carolina History Stories 

For Fourth and Fifth Grades .50 

Texas History Stories 

For Fifth and Sixth Grades .50 

Half-Hours in Southern History 

For Sixth and Seventh Grades 75 

The Yemassee {Complete Edition) 

For Seventh and Eighth Grades 75 

(Ask for catalog containing list of other supplementary reading) 

B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 

RICHMOND, VA. 



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